Essay --

In The Second Coming by William Butler Yeats, Yeats utilizes references, images, and clear symbolism to pass on his negative and miserable tone about the new shrewd, degenerate, and unethical time following World War I. Yeats starts the sonnet with a picture of an extending gyre or a vortex of spiraling movement. This picture quickly infers the turmoil and confusion in a general public that is spiraling more extensive and more extensive crazy and getting progressively degenerate. Yeats expounds on and underpins this thought with Things self-destruct; the middle can't hold and Negligible political agitation is loosed upon the world to additionally represent how the universe is crumbling with disarray and the nonattendance of standards. Yeats likewise infers the peril and calamity to accompany a picture of a bird of prey who can't hear the falconer to additionally outline anticipation and risk that mankind is confronting. This picture additionally proposes that like the bird of prey that is flying around in an enlarging gyre, society has meandered excessively far away from its ethics and is destined with curruption. Yeats proceeds with his skeptical tone with wherever the service of innocenc...

James Hutton Essay Example

James Hutton Paper James Hutton A report done by Sarah Lynn Brixey James Hutton was a Scottish geologist, naturalist, and trial rancher. He is viewed as the dad of present day geography. His speculations of geography and geologic time, are additionally called profound time, and came to be remembered for hypotheses which were called plutonism and uniformitarianism. Plutonism is the disproven hypothesis that all stones shaped by hardening of a liquid mass. Uniformitarianism methods for or relating to the theory that forms that worked in the remote geographical past are not quite the same as those watched now. Another meaning of uniformitarianism is supporting, fitting in with, or got from a hypothesis or precept about consistency, esp. regarding the matter of geography. In this report on James Hutton, you will realize what his identity was, his hypothesis of rock developments, and his distribution profession. James Hutton was conceived in Edinburgh on June 3, 1726 as one of five offspring of a trader who was likewise Edinburgh City Treasurer, yet kicked the bucket when James was exceptionally youthful. He went to class at the Edinburgh High School, where he was especially intrigued by arithmetic and science. At 14 years old, he went to the University of Edinburgh as a â€Å"student of humanity†. He was an assistant to a legal counselor at 17 years old, however took a greater amount of an enthusiasm for synthetic analyses than lawful work. At 18 years old, he turned into a doctor’s colleague and went to talks of medication at the University of Edinburgh. After three years, he examined medication in Paris, and in 1749, he got the level of Doctor of Medicine at Leyden with a theory on blood course. Around 1747, he had a child by a lady named Miss Edington, and other than giving the kid money related help, he had little to do with him. We will compose a custom exposition test on James Hutton explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now We will compose a custom exposition test on James Hutton explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer We will compose a custom exposition test on James Hutton explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer The kid proceeded to turn into a mail station agent in London. Subsequent to getting his degree, Hutton came back to London, and in the mid year of 1750, at 24 years old, returned to Edinburgh and continued investigations with dear companion, James Davie. Their work on creation of sal ammoniac from sediment prompted their association in productive compound works, fabricating the crystalline salts which were utilized for coloring, metalwork, and as smelling salts that were beforehand accessible just from characteristic sources and that must be imported from Egypt. Hutton possessed and leased properties in Edinburgh, which utilized a factor to deal with this business. James Hutton acquired his father’s Berwickshire homesteads of Slighthouses, which are marsh cultivates that had been in the family since 1713, and a slope ranch of Nether Monynut. In the mid 1750s, he moved to Slighthouses, with his objective being to making enhancements, which presented cultivating rehearses from different pieces of Britain and exploring different avenues regarding plant and creature development. He recorded his thoughts and advancements in an unpublished proposition on The Elements of Agriculture. This built up his enthusiasm for meteorology and geography, and by 1753, he had gotten exceptionally enamored with considering the outside of the earth, and was looking with on edge interest into each pit or jettison or bed of a stream he ran over. Working in a clearing and depleting his homestead gave numerous chances, and he saw that a huge extent of the current rocks are made out of materials managed by the devastation of bodies, creature, vegetable and mineral, of increasingly antiquated formation†. His hypothetical thoughts started to meet up in 1760, and keeping in mind that his cultivating exercises proceeded, in 1764, he went on a land voyage through the north of Scotland with George Maxwell-Clerk. In 1768, Hutton came back to Edinburgh, leaving his ranches to inhabitants yet proceeding to check out homestead enhancements and research, which included trials completed at Slighthouses. He built up a red color produced using the foundations of the madder plant. He had a house worked in 1770 at St. John’s Hill, Edinburgh, sitting above Salisbury Crags. He was one of the most powerful members in the Scottish Enlightenment, and fell in with various five star minds in the sciences including John Playfair, thinker David Hume, and financial expert Adam Smith. He was an especially dear companion of Joseph Black, and both of them along with Adam Smith established the Oyster Club for week by week gatherings, that included Hutton and Black to discover a setting, which ended up having rather offensive affiliations. Somewhere in the range of 1767 and 1774, Hutton had significant close association with the development of the Forth and Clyde Canal, utilizing his topographical information, both as an investor and as an individual from the advisory group of the executives, and went to gatherings including broadened site examinations of the considerable number of works. In 1777, he distributed a leaflet on Considerations on the Nature, Quality and qualifications of Coal and Culm, which effectively assisted with acquiring help from evacuation obligation on conveying little coal. Hutton hit on an assortment of thoughts to clarify the stone developments he saw around him, yet as indicated by Playfair, he â€Å"was in no scramble to distribute his hypothesis; for he was one of the individuals who are significantly more charmed with the examination of truth, than with the recognition of having found it. † After approximately 25 years of work, his Theory of the Earth; or and Investigation of the Laws noticeable in the Composition, Dissolution, and Restoration of Land upon the Globe was perused to gatherings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh in two sections, first by his companion Joseph Black on March 7, 1785, and the second without anyone else on April 4, 1785. He in this manner read a theoretical of his exposition Concerning the System of the Earth, its Duration and Stability to the Society meeting on July 4, 1785, which he had printed and coursed secretly. In it, his hypothesis expresses that the strong piece of the current land shows up all in all, to have been made out of the creations of the ocean, and of different materials like those now found upon the shores. Henceforth we discover motivation to close:  ·That the land on which we rest isn't basic and unique, yet that it is a piece, and has been framed by the activity of second causes.  ·That before the current land was made, there had stayed alive a world made out of ocean and land, in which were tides and flows, with such tasks at the base of the ocean as now happen.  ·That while the current land is shaping at the base of the sea, the previous land kept up plants and creatures; at any rate the ocean was then occupied by creatures, along these lines as it is directly. Henceforth we are directed to finish up, that most of our property, if not the entire had been delivered by tasks normal to this globe; yet that so as to make this land a changeless body, opposing the activities of the waters, two things must be required.  ·The solidification of masses framed by assortments of free or unintelligible materials.  ·The height of those solidified masses from the base of the ocean, where they were gathered, to the stations wherein they presently stay over the degree of the sea. At Glen Tilt in the Cairngorm Mountains in the Scottish Highlands, Hutton discovered stone entering changeable schists, as it were, which shown that the rock had been liquid at that point. This gave him that stone framed from cooling of liquid stone, not precipitation out of water, as others at the time had accepted, and that the rock must be more youthful than the schists. He proceeded to locate a comparative entrance of volcanic stone through sedimentary stone close to the focal point of Edinburgh, at Salisbury Crags, bordering Arthur’s Seat, which is presently known as Hutton’s Section. He discovered different models on the Isle of Arran, otherwise called Hutton’s Unconformity and in Galloway. In 1787, Hutton noted what is currently known as the Hutton Unconformity at Inchbonny, Jedburgh, in layers of sedimentary stone. Hutton contemplated that there probably been a few cycles, each including testimony on the seabed, elevate with tilting and disintegration, at that point undersea again for additional layers to be kept, and there have been numerous cycles before over an incredibly long history. In spite of the fact that Hutton secretly flowed printed form of the theoretical of his Theory, which he read at a gathering of the Royal Society of Edinburgh on July 4, 1785, the hypothesis as read at the March 7, 1785 and April 4, 1785 gatherings didn't show up in print until 1788. It was titled Theory of the Earth; or and Investigation of the Laws noticeable in the Composition, Dissolution, and Restoration of Land upon the Globe and showed up in Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. Following analysis, particularly Richard Kirwan’s, who thought he was a skeptic and not intelligent, in addition to other things, Hutton distributed a two volume rendition of his hypothesis in 1795, comprising of the 1788 adaptation of his hypothesis that included slight augmentations alongside a great deal of material drawn from shorter papers Hutton previously needed to hand on different subjects, for example, the birthplace of stone. It incorporated an audit of elective speculations, for example, those of Thomas Burnet and Georges-Louis Leclerc, and Comte de Buffon. This entire was entitled An Investigation of the Principles of Knowledge and of the Progress of Reason, from Sense to Science and Philosophy when the third volume was finished in 1794. Its 2,138 pages provoked Playfair to comment that â€Å"The extraordinary size of the book, and the lack of clarity which may fairly be questioned numerous pieces of it, have most likely kept it from being gotten as it deserves†. His new hypotheses put him into restriction with the then-mainstream Neptunist speculations of

A Bookish Love Story

A Bookish Love Story When I was twenty-one, I graduated from college, got my first full-time job, moved into my first apartment, and broke off an engagement with my college boyfriend. You need to date again, my friend (who was getting married that summer) told me. I need to find myself, I had replied. It was something my twenty-one-year-old self would have said. Also, I was not in the dating mood. Two years went by, during which time I received another proposal from a complete stranger as I walked to work. I also fended off a request from a computer contractor at my job who asked me to meet him at the park at 5:30am so we can watch the spring solstice together.” If you’re hoping for a story about me finding my great love at a deserted New York City park at 5:30 in the morning, this is not that story. Next was a request for a date from a friend of my neighbor who had just gotten into a motorcycle accident. Later, a guy I met at a swing dancing event, who weeks later presented me with a five-page essay on his past, which included a recap of when he lived in (the shady part of) Las Vegas. This was followed by an insulting proposition from my college friend who said that if neither one of us were married by age thirty then we should just give up on love and marry each other. Six years before the clock ran out on turning thirty, I met Dan. He had a big smile and an ever bigger laugh. I liked him, agreed to go on a date with him, then immediately got cold feet. Why did I agree to go out with this guy? He might be one of those people who mansplains politics! Or has questionable grooming habits! And â€" the most egregious defect of all what if he doesn’t read? Never fear, I told my heart. I know the perfect way to sabotage this relationship. At our first “get together” (I refused to label it a date), I asked him if he wanted to read a book together. Sure, he replied, with not one bit of sarcasm. Uh huh, I replied. The next day I gave him a 1,344 page copy of The Power Broker, a biography of Robert Moses  by Robert Caro. I had carefully attacked the book with an X-acto knife the previous evening, slicing it into five sections to make it easier to share and carry along on subway commutes. I already read the first section, I informed him. Now its your turn. Dan blinked, then slid the massacred book into his bag. Great! he had said. Well see, I thought ominously. Bet hes a non-reader. The next week, Dan and I met up for dinner after work. Another “get together;” not a date! Ready to talk about the first section? Dan had asked. I sipped my water. What first section? I replied. The Power Broker. Have you finished the second section yet? I need to know what he did to Jones Beach. Huh. He did read it. And he wanted to read more. So I gave him the second section as I went on to the third section, and I started making notes in the margins for him. It wasn’t particularly life changing commentary, but it  invited connection and relationship, something I had avoided for the previous  four years. We got through the whole book in a month. Nearly a year later, we went to Jones Beach to see Robert Moses handiwork in action. On the night before our trip, Dan proposed. Eleven years later, we still read books together. We made it through the first four Lyndon Johnson biographies by our trusty matchmaker Robert Caro. We fought over who got to read the Harry Potter books first when they came out (I won). Weve reread The Lord of the Rings  and mocked the movies. We havent cut up another book that lost its magic after The Power Broker   but we still read in bed together almost every night before going to sleep. We celebrated another  anniversary this month, on a blisteringly hot day in New York City. Much has happened in our eleven years of marriage. Heartbreak and joy, mundane moments and memorable ones. And through it all â€" books. And in this new year of marriage, we continue this love story, one book at a time.

Poaching of Endangered Species - 2264 Words

Poaching of Endangered Species â€Å"The main reason for animals endangered is the uncontrolled human activity.† This quote was stated on a website called Animal Port. There are many reasons why this statement is true, one of them are poaching. Poaching occurs out of greed to make money. Although there are several laws to protect certain animals, this is a horrible act to any animal. Especially for the animals that are already endangered. Poachers minimizing these animal’s numbers for their own pleasure is not good. People who are against poaching should do what they can to stop this act from escalating, or there will not be any balance on this world. Animals are being killed every day from illegal hunting or capturing, that is†¦show more content†¦Not only people kill animals for money, but for â€Å"cures† as well, superstition stuff. People will crush down tiger bones and use it to strengthened muscles. Another superstition is that they use the tiger’s penis to make males manlier. There are laws to protect these animals and try to stop poaching, some laws are more stricter than others and we should enforce all laws against poaching to be equal in punishment and protection on every endangered specie. The Endangered Species Act is one of them. The purpose of this act is to protect and recover imperiled species and the ecosystems upon which they depend. The reason why the act came into place is because certain animal populations were being lowered every year and the government were concerned that theses animals were becoming extinct, the main reason is poaching. Once an animal is on the endangered list, they have special protection from the government for them. From the website, Defenders of Wildlife, they stated this â€Å"The Endangered Species Act provides added benefits to people by maintaining healthy natural systems that provide us with clean air and water, food, medicines and other products that we all need to live healthy lives. We owe it to our chil dren and grandchildren to be good stewards of the environment and leave behind a legacy of protecting endangered species and the special places they call home.† This quote is a perfect example of how we shouldShow MoreRelatedThe Effects Of Poaching And How It Affects Endangered Animals868 Words   |  4 PagesKevin Hoff Outline Topic: Poaching endangered species General Purpose: To persuade the audience the impact of poaching and how it affects endangered animals. Specific Goal/ Purpose: To highlight the impact poaching has to species. Central Idea or Thesis Statement: The impact big game hunting has on species especially those whom are endangered and there’s a difference between legal and illegal hunting. IntroductionRead MoreA Brief Note On Endangered Species Research Paper1527 Words   |  7 Pagesarah Bader March 22nd, 2016 Endangered Species Research Paper Period: 2 Hasn’t the world lost enough? Animals are harmed by letting nature take its course, meaning climate changes, deforestation, etc. Human poaching is a major contributor also. â€Å"Extinctions have occurred throughout our planet’s natural history. Some species develop as others die out, making space in the ecosystem for those best suited to any given habitat’s natural conditions. Long before human beings arrived, fossil records showRead MoreTaking a Look at Poaching796 Words   |  3 Pages Poaching Poaching is the illegal hunting of any protected animal for personal gain. Poaching has been acknowledged for over one thousand years. Originally they were raiders that attacked livestock for survival. Modern poachers are well equipped and hunt to sell their body parts for large sums of money from international collectors. The poachers themselves are often very poor and work in gangs. OneGreenPlanet writes, â€Å"The Sumatran Tiger is a critically endangered species right now. It is poachedRead MorePoaching Problem1738 Words   |  7 PagesDid you know that poaching has led to most animal extinctions this century? Poaching is a continuously growing problem that will cause many problems to the environment and people. Poaching can be defined as the illegal hunting of animals on land that is not the hunters own. Poaching does not only happen in unprotected lands such as the wilderness, but it has also happened in protected lands such as zoos. Animals may soon become extinct because o f the high rate of killing the poachers are doing. IfRead MoreEndangered Species Research Paper : Animals Are Harmed By Letting Nature1622 Words   |  7 PagesSarah Bader March 22nd, 2016 Endangered Species Research Paper Period: 2 Haven’t we lost enough? Animals are harmed by letting nature take its course, but human poaching is a major contributor. â€Å"Extinctions have occurred throughout our planet’s natural history. Some species develop as others die out, making space in the ecosystem for those best suited to any given habitat’s natural conditions. Long before human beings arrived, fossil records show that populations of animals evolved, thrived, declinedRead MoreThe Conservation Of The Sumatran Elephant1518 Words   |  7 Pages Shockingly, there is one elephant species that is critically endangered, four that are endangered, and three that are vulnerable. I will be focusing on the Sumatran Elephant, but it is important to point out that numerous species of elephants are endangered. The elephant is not the only species threatened, as according to an International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) study, the number of species that have been threatened has doubled in the past fourteen years. This includes one in eightRead MoreSumatran Species981 Words   |  4 PagesDiscussions and Findings Conservation Status of Sumatran Species Sumatran orangutans. Sumatran orangutans are classified as critically endangered by both the WWF (2017a, para. 1) and on The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species (Singleton, Wich, Nowak Usher, 2016, p.1). Previously published Red list reports indicate that the Sumatran orangutans have been classified as critically endangered since 2000 (Singleton et al., 2016, p.2). Both the WWF (2017a, para. 1) and Singleton et al. (2016, p. 4) suggestRead MoreEffects Of Wildlife Conservation On Wildlife1157 Words   |  5 Pageswith the animals that are around us. Due to the population boom of humans, we are at a constant clash between the natural world and the human world. When the habitats of these animals are under severe pressure and a large number of species of wild fauna have become endangered, the significance of wildlife conservation becomes urgent. The increase in human populations has had a negative effect on the wildlife population. Studies have shown that with an increase of human popu lation, there has been a steadyRead MoreInternational Union For Conservation Of Nature1488 Words   |  6 Pagesall animals are getting to the brink of extinction or are either being tagged as an endangered species by the IUCN Red List. The IUCN â€Å"International Union for Conservation of Nature† Red List is a list of millions of species and subspecies from all over the world that are currently losing its population due to poaching. This is a powerful tool that helps push the government to protect any threatened animal species, like the African Elephant, and most of the plant and animal wildlife worldwide. BlancRead More Illegal Killing and Trafficking of Black Bears Essay1115 Words   |  5 Pagesand Trafficking of Black Bears The illegal killing and trafficking of animal parts has long been a global concern. With trading at an estimated 6 billion dollars annually, poaching has become the world’s second most profitable crime activity behind illegal drug trade. In its prevalence, poaching has driven many species to the point of extinction. Animals around the world are killed each day for their body parts. In Africa, elephant tusks are a valuable source of ivory used in jewelry. Moreover

Implementation Of Software Development Agreement - 1378 Words

SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT AGREEMENT THIS SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT AGREEMENT (the â€Å"Agreement†) dated this 22nd day of October 2015 BETWEEN: QuizMed Ltd (The ‘‘customer’’) -AND- Mint Digital (The ‘‘service provider’’) BACKGROUND: A. QuizMed is of the understanding that Mint Digital has the required qualifications, experience, and abilities to provide the services mentioned below to the customer. B. Mint Digital has agreed to provide such services on the terms and conditions set out in this agreement. DEFINED TERMS: Agreement: the contract for the services defined below. Confidential Information: any information (whether or not it was stated as confidential) disclosed by both parties, orally or written. Deliverables: includes all plans, documents,†¦show more content†¦TERM OF AGREEMENT: 1. The term of this Agreement (the term) will begin on the effective date of this Agreement and will remain in full force and effective for 9 months, subject to earlier termination as provided in this Agreement. The term of this Agreement may be protracted by written agreements of both parties. 2. In the event that either party wishes to terminate this Agreement, that party is obligatory to provide 30 days’ notice in writing to the other party. 3. If a party is in breach of any material obligation contained in this Agreement, the other party has the right to terminate the contract within 30 days; this has to be in writing. 4. Any termination of this Agreement (howsoever occasioned) shall not affect any accrued rights or liabilities of either Party. PRICE: 5. By way of consideration for the service provided by Mint Digital, the price for the provision the QuizMed iOS logo and the QuizMed app is  £40,000 (Price) will be paid by QuizMed in accordance to the payment agreement. 6. QuizMed shall not pay for Mint Digital’s out-of-pocket expenses. PAYMENT: 7. QuizMed agrees to make the first payments of  £10,000 (including VAT) to Mint Digital according to the order set out in the time table of deliverables and an additional  £30,000(including VAT) one year after the contract is signed. 8. Mint Digital shall send receipts for all the payments made. INTERLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS: 9. Mint Digital

Two World Wars A Journey of Borden’s Fiction Free Essays

Introduction The topic of Word War I literature and World War II literature is one that is extensively covered and researched by contemporary critics and scholars. However, the focus tends to be on literature of either one or the other war and not typically on any links between the two. The research that exists is largely centred on either gender or class in the literature, not about how a particular gender writes about a specific class. We will write a custom essay sample on Two World Wars A Journey of Borden’s Fiction or any similar topic only for you Order Now Therefore, a dissertation on Mary Borden’s focus on aristocracy in the two world wars will help fill a gap in research on war literature. 1.1 Research Objective Mary Borden lived through and wrote extensively on both wars and this dissertation will establish and illustrate the evolution of Borden’s war consciousness and philosophies surrounding warfare and its impact on society. Borden’s narrative focus began as intensely personal and situated in the aristocratic world, which was familiar to her, but evolved between wars and had opened up and shifted in a more political direction by the end of World War II. In order to prove this and explore how the wars affected Borden’s writing, the dissertation will strive to answer the following questions: To what extent did Borden’s novels reflect the events of the two war eras How did Mary Borden valuate the aristocracy and why In what way was her opinion of the aristocracy influenced by the wars and her contemporary era as a whole What kinds of themes are adopted in the novels depending on whether they are pre-, during or post-war period and how much do they differ To what extent do Borden’s themes reflect the transitions in society and the changing roles of men and women that resulted from the two wars 1.2. Proposed Structure The proposed dissertation will be structured in five chapters set out around the following topics: Introduction – Sets out the biography of Mary Borden in broad strokes, introduces the research questions and aim set out above and explains the choice to focus on Borden’s novels and memoirs because they more directly show the influence of the war on Borden’s consciousness and is less restricted by the mandatory commentary on form that poetry elicits. Borden and World War I – Borden’s memoir will be the foundation that a discussion around her opinions of the aristocracy and its influence on the coming and effects of the war is built. Borden and World War II – Debates the new ideas introduced by Borden that were not present in her writing on the great war and uses her other memoir to again research how her life at this stage influenced the thinking in her writing. The impact of war on Borden’s literary consciousness – Establishes the reason Mary Borden should be read as a war novelist because of her evolving consciousness in her novels regarding the causes and effects of war on society. Conclusion – Mary Borden was very much a novelist shaped by the two word wars and her own heritage strongly influenced her thinking around the impact the war had on herself and society at large. By structuring the dissertation in this manner – with the writing from each war in separate chapters the clarity of the argument will benefit in that it is easier to draw upon separate sources and build comprehensive profiles of how Borden wrote about the two wars. Once such profiles have been established, the fourth chapter can use these as the foundation of empirical evidence upon which to base a coherent exploration of the evolution of Borden’s war consciousness in her writing. This chapter will provide the opportunity for the author’s analytical skillset to be proven. Literature Review 2.1 Primary literature The two chapters on the world wars will use two of Borden’s memoirs as the foundation for arguing how Borden’s life influenced her work. The Forbidden Zone will be analysed for the chapter on World War I and Journey Down A Blind Alley will be used for World War II. Further, the chapter on WWI will centre upon three novels that present some of Borden’s central themes and a chronological scope of the war: The Romantic Woman is a story of aristocracy before the war, Sarah Defiant centres upon a love affair during the war and finally Jehova’s Day portrays England in the post-war period. Reference will also be made to Jericho Sands and A Woman With White Eyes. As Borden’s writing on war shifted in a more political direction around WWII, the analysis will not abide by a particular chronology in this chapter. The main texts are: You the Jury – setting the stage for the war and depicting it – The Hungry Leopard as a work containing Borden’s broader political and sociological points thoughts on the war era from 1937 to 54 and Margin of Error – a work concerned with colonialism and its role in the war. Other referenced works will include Catspaw and Passport for a Girl. 2.2 Secondary sources These will include a mixture of historical sources and literary criticism. Carol Acton’s theories set forth in Diverting the Gaze: The Unseen Text in Women’s War Writing will be used for some literary theory concerning women writing about war and the discussions on Borden’s life and memoirs will be substantially aided by Jane Conway’s – Borden’s biographer – work. Literary critics will include M. Higonnet, S. Ouditt,, F. Mort and T. Tate as they have all done substantial work concerning female writers of the war and their relationship to identity. Historical background will be works by B.A. Waites, M.L. Bush and B.W. Tuchman along with other sources yet to be identified. Methodology The approach will be independent analysis of the primary sources, using secondary sources primarily to argue against and some to support and provide background. Further sources will be identified by using Jane Conway’s the bibliographies of Conway and other sources already identified as well as web searches on databases such as JStor and Project Muse. Preliminary Bibliography 4.1 Primary literature Borden, M., 1929. The Forbidden Zone Borden, M., 1946. Journey Down A Blind Alley Borden, M., 1916. The Romantic Woman Borden, M., 1931. Sarah Defiant Borden, M., 1929. Jehova’s Day Borden, M., 1925. Jericho Sands Borden, M., 1930. A Woman With White Eyes Borden, M., 1952. You the Jury Borden, M. 1956. The Hungry Leopard Borden, M., 1954. Margin of Error Borden, M., 1950. Catspaw Borden, M., 1939. Passport for a Girl 4.2. Secondary sources Gubar, S., Gilbert, S.M. â€Å"The Madwoman in the Attic.† New Haven: Yale University. Heilbrun, C.G., Higonnet, M.R., 1983 The Representation of women in fiction. Vol. 7. Johns Hopkins University Press. Higonnet, M.R., 1987. Behind the lines: Gender and the two world wars. New Haven: Yale University Press. MacKay, M., 2010. Modernism and World War II. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Mort, F., 2006. â€Å"Scandalous Events: Metropolitan Culture and Moral Change in Post-Second World War London.† Representations 93.1 (2006): 106-137. Ouditt, S., 1994. Fighting Forces, Writing Women: Identity and Ideology in the First World War. London: Routledge. Raitt, S., Tate, T., eds, 1997. Women’s fiction and the Great War. Oxford: Clarendon Press. Tate, T., 1998. Modernism, History and the First World War. Manchester: Manchester University Press. How to cite Two World Wars A Journey of Borden’s Fiction, Essay examples

New Venture Planning †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the New Venture Planning. Answer: Introduction: In the assignment, the interviewee reflects on the trajectory of a newly opened venture. The assignment explores the three major themes that bolster the foundation of the business. The assignment is composed in a story format. Therefore, the narrator delineates the themes in a reflective style. Despite being a student of Biotechnology, he showed an unflagging interest in launching start-ups. It is true he has applied my theoretical knowledge and carved out a unique business idea. Biotechnology gave him an impetus to introduce something new in the national market. He has deliberately chosen food processing industry, as it is a fledgling segment. The domain needs more experimental work. Bio Nosh is his brain-child and he always wanted to experiment with locally grown food stuffs. As we know, Indian farmers use chemical fertilizers that are detrimental to the growth of local supplies. Based on this conviction, he has outlined my business idea. He began to use organic materials that preserve the malleability and elasticity of the food. Hence, he came up with his start-up product Bio Nosh. Biotechnology gave him a driving force. At the same time, he has an unflagging interest to experiment with the locally grown food stuffs with an organic material. Agriculture is the back-bone of our nation. Doing something to improve the state of agrarian products can be really interesting. The startup Bio Nosh gave him this opportunity and he began to initiate organic farming in the regions of Uttar Pradesh and Haryana. Subsequently, this technology permeates the western part of India. He completed his post graduation in Biotechnology from the University of Delhi. He specialized in Bio Pharmacy and Genetic Science. After completing his post graduation in Biotechnology, he started to work with Ranbaxy pharmaceutical wing as a research assistant. His job location was in Bangalore, India. As a research assistant, he has gained a practical knowledge of pharmacy and cognitive science. His foundation became strong. During that time, he was brimming with start-up ideas, which he materialized after a couple of years. As far as business is concerned, his university friends became a big source of inspiration. During the university days, he used to toy with the notion of launching a start-up business. Another key person was Vijay Shekhar Sharma, the founder and CEO of paytm app. During the process, he has constantly been helped by two of his university professors. They were like a god-father to him and helped him with everything. They composed a letter of reference for him, which gave him an opportunity to gain a substantial grant from the CSIR-Himalayan Institute of Biotechnology for the completion of the project. Initially, he had only a bank loan that gave an impetus to start his business. Subsequently, his professors of the University of Delhi extended their helping hands. They composed a brilliant reference letter for him that helped him gain a substantial fund to spruce up the project. The start-up, Bio Nosh was his brain-child and he treated this project with utmost care. He has never imagined becoming Mark Zuckerberg or Bill Clinton. Their names are written in golden letters on the pages of global history. However, he has always tried to reach the top and promote his business to a high level. Before launching a start-up, he prepared himself well and browsed through management books that gave the idea of business orientation. Technically speaking, his enterprise witnesses an integration of theory and practical ken. Initially, he started the business alone with a substantial bank loan. Later, two of professors extended their helping hands. However, they are more like sleeping partners, as they are preoccupied with class lectures and tutorials. He is an active member and the CEO of Bio Nosh. Initially, he was assisted by four of college mates and a courier boy. The courier boy used to carry all the heavy materials and transferred them from one place to another. The courier boy is still with the organization. His friends went to the United Kingdom for higher studies. In 2014, the enterprise expanded and he hired 40-50 employees for his organization. At the same time, he opened a new branch at Saket, Delhi. Bio Nosh is headquartered at Noida, Uttar Pradesh. In 2013-14, the business began to expand and absorb many employees into its circuit. The organization has two branches, including headquarter in Noida. Gradually, the horizon of the business is expanding at a rapid pace. Firstly, the project is his brain-child and the growth is not thrust upon him. He has taken the initiative and adumbrated the business structure from the inception to its logical culmination. He countenanced many challenges like allocation of fund, disbursement of resources to the key areas and identifying potential threats to the business. As a small-scale business owner, he enjoyed the level of independence that was hitherto missing in my occupation. At the same time, socia l inclusiveness is another aspect that he experienced. The good times are when they receive recognition for the service they provide. Bio Nosh is like a pet subject to him. At Noida, they work as a team and face all troubles together. As such, they have not countenanced crises since the development of start-up. The challenge is related to fund allocation. He managed the problem with ease, as he has the backing of his professors. With the launching of a start-up, the business has gained a new dimension. The organization has two well-developed branches in the capital city, Delhi. It helps the farmer of North India to the hilt. The net turnover is $2.5 million for 2016-17. During the advanced stage, the professors helped him incessantly with funds and reference letters. They were like a messiah and added a shining feather to his cap. Being a new in the field, he see all startup companies as potential competitors. However, he admire the biotechnology startup Gelesis as the net worth of the company is pegged at $31,500,000 in 2015. (The compa ny was founded in 2014). The primary customers are agricultural specialist, farmers and agrarian market owners. With the passage of time, the demand of the agrarian market has been increasing apace. The lab technicians and bio-specialists browse through various sources and develop new technology that revitalizes the farming patterns. Being a modern start-up venture, social media marketing is used incessantly to promote the business. Initially, his friends and colleagues helped him with strategy making ideas. Besides, he is an avid reader and glean information from the textbooks of Oliver Gassman (2015) and Jeffrey H. Dyer (2013). The role remained the same. The only change he perceives is has become more responsible towards his duties. Absolutely yes. He sill enjoys being an entrepreneur and constant learning keeps him motivated. He works strenuously only during the time of peak season. In the lean season, he enjoys holiday with my family. His wife is a student of Business management. They often discuss many things about business over a steaming cup of coffee. He derives guiding principles from the books of business management by Kenneth E Everard and Steven Langman. It is indispensable to read important textbooks of management and outline a fresh business trajectory. He does not take pride in the fact that he launched an exciting start-up. He believes that each one of them is an entrepreneur and work as a team. Moreover, he is still in the learning phase of entrepreneurship. Conclusion: His key objective is to establish my enterprise on a solid footing. He aims to expand the contours of his business. It is based in New Delhi now. He has plans to establish offices in Western and Eastern metropolitan cities. He aims to take his business to the foreign locations like Tokyo and New York. Absolutely yes. One should have a clear cognizance of the future. He wants to see himself working as a co-partner of any multinational biotech start-ups. It is his long cherished dream. Business and personal achievement are inseparable. He wants to achieve new feats, as far as successful career is concerned. For the time being, he is not considering another business option. It is like building a resplendent castle in the sky. Three wishes would be wealth, prosperity and well-being of the farming nation. It was an awesome ordeal to meeting such a kind and responsive individual who finished up with passing on his all the best.

Explore the presentation of Iago in Shakespeares Othello Essay Example

Explore the presentation of Iago in Shakespeares Othello Paper Iago is one of the most central and many-layered of Shakespeares villains, though he is also the subject of some controversy. Has Shakespeare created a motiveless malignity, as Coleridge suggested (Shakespearean Criticism, 1960), or is Iago deeper and more destructively sharp and vindictive? Shakespeare presents a deep-rooted paradox within Iago his single-minded conviction and confidence alongside an uncertainty of motive. Iagos importance and his role as Othellos poisoner is perhaps the first thing to consider. Is he simply a catalyst, aiding the inevitable, or does he deliberately orchestrate Othellos end on his own? The duality of Iago is also a vital device used by Shakespeare to illustrate his character Iago is such a gifted actor that no other character even has the opportunity to suspect that he is dishonest. The juxtapositioning of honesty and lies, good and evil, jealousy and trust, are also key techniques employed by Shakespeare to demonstrate Iagos power. The depth of both Shakespeares and Iagos language and use of imagery and extended metaphor is also suggestive of how layered the character is. It is difficult, perhaps impossible, to fathom Shakespeares original intentions for Iago. What must be noted is how different he is from the character in the tale by Cinthio from which Othello was drawn. The Ensign is given a name and much more subtlety than in the original story. The motives and reasoning behind Iagos actions are also key to the movement of the plot. His role as a many-faceted representation of the evils in humanity makes him a fascinating device vital to the sense of tragedy and inevitability that surrounds the play. The importance of Iago is something that must first be examined when considering his character. We will write a custom essay sample on Explore the presentation of Iago in Shakespeares Othello specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Explore the presentation of Iago in Shakespeares Othello specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Explore the presentation of Iago in Shakespeares Othello specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer All of Shakespeares characters are constructs, but there is some question as to what Iagos role actually is, and how important he is to the storyline. It has been suggested that Iago merely induces what would have happened to Othello anyway. Brabantios ominous words in I. 3 are a herald to what may come, and have nothing whatsoever to do with Iago. He warns Othello that Desdemona has deceived her father, and may you. Perhaps it was such comments that drove Othello to his demise, and would have done so even in Iagos absence. However, Shakespeares emphasis on Iago and the thick irony surrounding him suggest that he is much more that just a catalyst. Several times in the first act he is called honest Iago, and then referred to by Othello as a man of honesty and trust (I. 3). This use of dramatic irony draws attention to the character, as the audience already know that Iago harbours a strong hatred for Othello. Emphasis is placed on this by way of Iagos soliloquies. He is the only character to have several asides, which is unusual as it is usually the central character that requires these. They are necessary in Iagos case because the audience needs an insight into the workings of Iagos mind. Shakespeare could be showing Iagos vital role if it were not for his complete skills in deceiving the other characters, Othello would not believe that his wife could be adulterous. Iago himself says that because Othello trusts him so well, the better shall [his] purpose work on him. He also says that the Moor is of a free and open nature, suggesting that without Iago, Othello would have no reason to doubt Desdemonas faithfulness as he takes things at face value. Iagos relationship with Roderigo must also be noted. Roderigo clearly would not have attempted to pursue Desdemona without Iago suggesting this. However, whether this is the case with Othello is under some doubt. Iagos importance largely depends on the audiences perception of Othello. If the audience sympathises with the Moor and believes him to have been cruelly deceived through no fault of his own, then Iago is clearly to blame for his downfall. If, however, the audience believes that Othellos undoubted faith in Iago is foolish, then they might choose to think that it was Othellos character flaw, not Iagos deception, which is at fault. The duality of Iagos character is what makes Othellos downfall possible and all the more poignant. He is a complete deceiver an actor who manipulates everyone around him entirely so that the truth is hidden beneath many layers of different lies. Even the audience, who have a particularly close relationship with Iago through his soliloquies, may be unsure as to exactly what the truth is and what simply suits Iago at the moment he says it. His obscurity and rapidly changing fai ades mean that Iagos real self is difficult to discern. The fact that no one even suspects that Iago is dishonest, and even believe him over other characters, is vital to the plot. Usually, Iago does not simple push other characters into courses of action they would have taken anyway, but reshapes their perceptions so that they believe things that are not remotely true. He swears to Roderigo that he will enjoy Desdemona the next night following (IV. 2), even though Desdemona has no interest in him. This is an example of Iagos absolute manipulation skills. Iago is the closest character to the audience, and this in itself represents how two-sided he is. Shakespeare, as a dramatist, would clearly be closely involved in the production of a play, and may have been alluding to the lie of an actor through Iago playing different roles, forever switching between performances and displaying another facet that is at once separate to and at one with them. It also should be noted, from a dramatic point of view, that the character of Desdemona must be played to perfection for the deception of Iago to succeed. If Desdemona appears to be flawed and unchaste, as Iago suggests, the real tragic power of the play may be lost. The move to Cyprus also presents another side of Iago. In Venice, he was skulking in shadows and calling up at windows, while in Cyprus, he seems free to observe and destroy without hindrance. Shakespeare presents a kind of uncertainty within Iago, and the playwrights motives for him are unclear. Is it true that Othello has done [Iagos] office twixt [his] sheets, or has Iago convinced himself of this to give himself a motive? It could be that Shakespeare intends Iago to be motiveless no more than a construct to represent the unfathomable evil that is inside every human. Although Iago proclaims I do hate [Othello] as I do hell-pains, we are never given a clear reason why. If Shakespeare is using him as a general symbol of evil, it may be that he did not want him to have a reason; it does not matter why, only that his hatred is so strong, so powerful, and so extreme, that it is all that is driving him. In some ways, a motiveless evil is more frightening and more powerful than one with a reason. However, it is also possible that Iago is a many-layered creation, and as such has multiple motives. Primarily, it could be said that Iago is driven by jealousy stronger and more general jealousy than Othellos, and perhaps this helps him to feed the Moors obsession. At first, Iago is a typical stage villain, delighting in the destruction of character he is bringing about simply for sport and profit. Later, though, he demonstrates his envy of something he believes he can never attain the daily beauty that Cassio possesses. He believes himself to be ugly, and it is possible that something primitive and instinctive inside him is transforming his shame into vindictive malice. Anger about his low position could also drive him he feels he has been denied his right to lieutenancy by a Florentine almost damned in fair wife. The way that Shakespeare provides many different motives for Iago could be a technique to confuse the audience and demonstrate that Iagos deception extends to everyone, possibly even himself. Metaphors and imagery run deep in Othello, and some would say the characters themselves are nothing but metaphors for aspects of the human condition. Taking this view, Iago would be the selfishness and spite that most people possess but usually do not act upon. Interesting, then, are Roderigos final words: O inhuman dog! Is Roderigo wrong in calling Iago inhuman, when surely all humans possess the characteristics Iago displays? Perhaps what makes us human, and better than animals, is that we possess these feelings and flaws but do not act upon them we have restraint. This presents a sharp paradox what makes us human is restraint, but by suppressing ourselves we are denying the very emotions that make us different from animals. In Iagos speeches, the imagery he uses often involves animals beast, old black ram, hot as goats, prime as monkeys and this technique could be employed to demonstrate Iagos carnal side. He does not behave civilly and reasonably as a human would, but acts on primal instinct to get what he wants without thinking of others, like an animal. He also refers to plants when speaking, using the analogy of roots to describe how Cassio supposedly kissed him, he speaks of how neither poppy nor mandragora will cure Othello, and uses a continued metaphor of a garden when talking to Roderigo (I. ). This choice of words conjures up images of crawling roots and plants spreading out among the characters of the play. These roots could symbolise the influence of Iago how he has managed to affect everyone around him. He changes the way others speak for example, when he talks to Othello, the Moors response is simple Ha, I like not that. Iagos intelligence and sharpness of wit cannot be matched by the other characters, except perhaps Desdemona. A further motif used throughout the play is that of perception, eyes and seeing. This could be linked to the stereotypes Iago seems to so enjoy fuelling. Prejudices and stereotypes are representative of the common eyes that people use to look at someone or something. In the play, the common prejudice is that Othello, as a Moor, is evil and animalistic. Iago feeds this, but it is then shown to be untrue. Iago then seems to reintroduce the stereotype and play on the judgements people make. Iago himself is an exercise in contradiction and juxtaposition. He says one thing and means another, appears one way and then shows he is not at all like that. In Act II. 1, Shakespeare presents an exchange between Desdemona and Iago that serves to create a paradox Desdemona is the epitome of all that is good in humanity, while Iago is a device employed to display all the more undesirable characteristics. Desdemona plays a truly innocent and faithful wife while Iago claims that all women are Saints in [their] injuries, devils being offended. And yet, Iago is still deferential and still addresses her as gentle lady. Desdemona calls him fool, but his behaviour elsewhere would suggest that he is anything but. His marriage to Emilia is also worthy of analysis. Although he feels that she obeys him he speaks harshly and cruelly to her, calling her a good wench, snapping at her while she only tries to please him at the end, when she realises his true nature, she refuses to defend him. It is possible that Iago cannot manipulate women as well as he would like to. In this play, women are seen as the only honest creatures, and it is Emilia who finally reveals Iagos deception, and Desdemona who dies without defending herself, still deeply in love with her husband. The fact that Iago does not truly understand all the facets of women is really his downfall. The final scene also presents us with new contradictions. Previously, Iagos power was in his well-chosen words. Now, however, he says nothing, claiming that from this time forth, I never will speak word. Despite this, he still seems to dominate the exchange; he is the only one who knows everything that has happened, and he is now almost the sole topic of conversation. He is referred to, strangely, as a Spartan dog (V. 2), which seems to be a strange paradox. The Spartans were a proud, brave and terrible people, while dog implies a lowly, fearful, evil creature. It is possible that his bravery, cunning and maliciousness matches the Spartans, while he darker, subtler side is that of a dog. Iago is possibly what makes Othello so different from other Shakespearean tragedies. While every other tragic hero inevitably falls because of one fatal flaw, in Othello there is still a what if? remaining. What if Iago is taken out of the picture? Would the Generals demise have been so sudden and striking? Would it have happened at all? Iago is an instrumental plot device, the key to the poignancy of the tragedy. In Iago, Shakespeare has created an absolute villain, one that the audience perhaps cannot feel sympathy for. In some ways, this is because he is so utterly callous and inhuman that the audience cannot comprehend his motives. And yet, there is always the dark uncertainty that the reason Iago is so powerfully evil is because he represents all the envy, desire and malignity that every human possesses.

Why did new and more aggressive movements to achieve racial essays

Why did new and more aggressive movements to achieve racial essays As early as 1909, the black community in America started to feel that they deserved racial equality, when they set up the NAACP, with the intention of using the law to obtain more favourable challenges to segregation in the courts. Nevertheless, little had been achieve by the 1940s besides increased membership. The NAACPs demands were quite modest, they wished to outlaw lynching, achieve voter registration and make Roosevelts Fair Employment Practises Committee a permanent institution. Even though the NAACP had Truman on their side, he was met with a great deal of opposition in Congress, leading him to backpedal on the civil rights issue. The NAACP, felt that they should use more calm methods to try and achieve their goals and went to court quite a few times to ensure that what was outlined in the 14th and 15th amendments were carried out. The NAACP made progress in the 1950s in two cases Henderson vs US and McLaurin vs Board of Regents. Even though their actions were morally cor rect, going though Congress to try and achieve desegregation was never going to accomplish much, especially considering that they had a very limited amount of publicity. Even though laws had been implemented lynching still occurred, the black community were still faced with a great deal of hostility and they had not truly achieve much in the terms of desegregation. This spurred on what may now be deemed as civil disobedience, and more aggressive actions to those that had previously been taken. The black community adopted new methods to try and achieve desegregation such as; sit ins (not only in buses which had been done by Rosa Parks in 1955) to publicly protesting in Woolworths in Greensboro, North Carolina. These series of events led to other foundations being formed such as the SCLC and the SNCC. Their ability to achieve a great deal of change was limited, and led to a considerably greater violence in the 1960s. ...

Differences in Management Styles between the American and the Japanese Dissertation

Differences in Management Styles between the American and the Japanese in Multinationals - Dissertation Example The emergence of Japan in the 1980s as America's foremost industrial opponent seems to have persuade a kind of moral panic in business with the Japanese cast in the role of 'folk devils'. The implicit assumption that America had the best management system in the world was now noticeably in question, and from an American perception this seemed appalling. In addition, if Japanese management was indeed effective but could not be transferred to American) firms, then the future for American business seemed miserable. The problem of learning from Japan proved, however, to be intricate, and it has raised difficult questions of fact and worth. In some points of the dispute evidence has been tough to come by whilst in others there have been sharply divergent understandings of the data. A case in peak is the impact of the Japanese system on Japanese employees. Should the Japanese worker be regarded as a devoted, protected, contented employee embraced by a humanistic organizational culture which promotes pride of work and company loyalty as Ouchi's Theory Z proposes? Or is he better seen as a gloomy robot tied to a life of unending toil by an authoritarian management system and a disciplinary set of social values that suppress individuality and bump up conformity as a supreme end, a vision characterized as Theory F = Fear?. Such queries cannot be replied by facts solely because even facts must be construed. At this spot cultural assumptions and values are likely to go into the debate so raising questio ns concerning what the facts mean. Can the Japanese management system be shifted to the United States? It looks as if it can, if only partly. The evidence so far suggests that both the advocates and the detractors of learning from Japan have clasped some portion of the truth. It has been quench agreed on all sides that the Japanese must be doing something right.

Effects of six selected antibiotics on plant growth and soil microbial Research Paper

Effects of six selected antibiotics on plant growth and soil microbial and enzymatic activities - Research Paper Example However, different antibiotics have different effects on a plant, while different plants react differently to a certain antibiotic. What this study was trying to find out are the specific effects of sulfonamides, tetracyclines, tylosin, and trimthoprim on the soil and the plants that depend on it, especially when available data regarding it are scarce and inconsistent. This is important for farmers of agricultural crops such as rice who are using or considering the use of animal manure or treated urine for fertilizer and hydration, respectively. Briefly, different concentrations of analytical grade tetracyclines (chlortetracycline and tetracycline), tylosin, sulfonamides (sulfamethazole and sulfamethazine), and trimethoprim were tested for their phytotoxicity of sweet oat, rice and cucumber through observing their seed germination and plant growth. Tylosin and trimethoprim were included because they are used together with tetracyclines and sulfonamides, respectively. The seeds of sweet oat were the most susceptible to antibiotics, and sulfonamides and tetracyclines had greater effects on seed germination, as compared to tylosin and trimethoprim. In contrast, growth inhibition, especially of rice, was achieved only with sulfonamides. This is because sorption coefficients of sulfonamides are very low in soil as compared to that of tetracyclines, making the former more bioavailable and the latter less likely to be absorbed by the plant. As well, their impact on soil microbial activity was assessed through the observation of their effects on soil respiration and soil phosphatase activity. Soil respiration was greatly affected upon exposure to sulfamethazole, sulfamethazine and trimethoprim, with the first being the most potent and the last being the least, although the recovery of respiration 4 days after application was observed. This is because the dissipation half-life of sulfonamides is 2 to 5, making the antibiotic concentration

The Issues Of The Sexual Morality Sociology Essay

The Issues Of The Sexual Morality Sociology Essay Sexual morality refers to the beliefs and practices by which a culture, group, faith, etc. regulates their members behaviour in matter of sexual activities. Many cultures and religions have rules regarding sexual behavior which they consider moral and it is said by persons in those cultures and religions that those acting outside of those rules are immoral or wrong. These rules sometimes distinguish between sexual activities that are practiced for biological reproduction (sometimes allowed only when in formal marital status and in fertile age) and other activities practiced for the pleasure of sex only (or mainly). In this sense, a concept of sexual morality can be expressed in any of the possible directions, and groups exist that recommend restrictive behaviours as well as groups that recommend totally free self-determination, as well as a variety of intermediate positions. The respective efficacy of these rules depends on the social position of the group that develops them, on its eventual political representativity, on its relationships with the laws of the related country. Views on sexual morality have varied greatly over time and from culture to culture. Usually, they derive from religious beliefs, but some writers have pointed out that social and environmental conditions play a part in the development of a given societys views on sexual morality. In Western pluralistic societies of the 20th and 21st centuries, there often exists debate on not only whether there is a common morality, but on whether it is right to expect such a common view. In most western societies, laws allowing a wide range of sexual relationships between consenting adults are the norm, although that legal range varies from jurisdiction to jurisdiction. The debate thus often includes a sub-argument of what is legal vs. what is moral. In previous centuries and in many non-western cultures of the 20th and 21st centuries, there has been less room for debate. This does not mean, however, that views on sexual morality have ever been homogenous. For example, in Hellenic society, homosexual behavior was often encouraged and accepted as part of the socialization and upbringing of young men, especially those in the military. These relationships were in addition to heterosexual relationships entered into for the establishment of families and the production of progeny so that property would be inherited and kept within a larger kinship group. The importance of the kin-group and the maintenance of its property was such that, under certain circumstances, Athenian law allowed an uncle to marry his niece in order to keep family property together. It could be therefore argued that the needs of the family constituted a higher morality that helped to define the sexual mores of the society as a whole. In Roman society, sexual morality concentrated more on the social status of those involved, and their taboos concentrated on high-status men committing any kind of sexual act that was thought of as passive or submissive. Providing that the sexual act was dominant in nature, and the man had a high social status Roman society made little distinction between the type of sexual partner and type of sexual act. Another example is the contrast between traditional European and traditional Asian or African views of permitted familial relationships. British law and custom, for example, frequently forbade intermarriage between those related by marriage. However, in rural regions of India, Nepal, and surrounding nations, fraternal polyandry, in which two (or more) brothers marry the same woman, is culturally accepted. Likewise, European mores generally advocate monogamy strongly. Polygamy is widely practiced by many societies throughout Asia and Africa, and polyandry is the accepted norm in a few Indian and African societies. Moreover , exual ethics (also referred to as sexual morality) refers to those aspects of ethics that deal with issues arising from all aspects of sexuality and human sexual behavior. Broadly speaking, sexual ethics relates to community and personal standards relating to the conduct of interpersonal relationships, and deals with issues of consent, sexual relations before marriage and/or while married, including issues of marital fidelity and premarital and non-marital sex, issues related to sexuality, questions about how gender and power are expressed through sexual behavior, questions about how individuals relate to society, and questions about how individual behavior impacts public health concerns. OBJECTIVES To know the reality of the world and act accordingly To have the knowledge before being affected by sexual morality To be able to care for others and know their rights To help prevent more sexual morality victims directly or indirectly EXPLANATION Sexual Morality In A Nutshell Sexual morality refers to the beliefs and practices by which a culture, group, faith, etc. regulates their members behaviour in matter of sexual activities. Many cultures and religions have a sexual morality that they would like to apply even to non adherents; sometimes force has been used in spreading concepts of morality. These rules sometimes distinguish between sexual activities that are practiced for biological reproduction (sometimes allowed only when in formal marital status and in fertile age) and other activities practiced for the pleasure of sex only (or mainly). In this sense, a concept of sexual morality can be expressed in any of the possible directions, and groups exist that recommend restrictive behaviours as well as groups that recommend totally free self-determination, as well as a variety of intermediate positions. The respective efficacy of these rules depends on the social position of the group that develops them, on its eventual political representativity, on its relationships with the laws of the related country. Views on sexual morality have varied greatly over time and from culture to culture. Usually, they derive from religious beliefs, but some writers have pointed out that social and environmental conditions play a part in the development of a given societys views on sexual morality. In Western pluralistic societies of the 20th and 21st centuries, there often exists debate on not only whether there is a common morality, but on whether it is right to expect such a common view. In most western societies, laws allowing a wide range of sexual relationships between consenting adults is the norm, although that legal range varies from jurisdiction to jurisdiction. The debate thus often includes a sub-argument of what is legal vs. what is moral. In previous centuries and in many non-western cultures of the 20th and 21st centuries, there has been less room for debate. This does not mean, however, that views on sexual morality have ever been homogenous. For example, in Hellenic society, homosexual behavior was often encouraged and accepted as part of the socialization and upbringing of young men, especially those in the military. These relationships were in addition to heterosexual relationships entered into for the establishment of families and the production of progeny s o that property would be inherited and kept within a larger kinship group. The importance of the kin-group and the maintenance of its property was such that, under certain circumstances, Athenian law allowed an uncle to marry his niece in order to keep family property together. It could be therefore argued that the needs of the family constituted a higher morality that helped to define the sexual mores of the society as a whole. Another example is the contrast between traditional European and traditional Asian or African views of permitted familial relationships. British law and custom, for example, frequently forbade intermarriage between those related by marriage. However, in rural regions of India, Nepal, and surrounding nations, fraternal polyandry, in which two (or more) brothers marry the same woman, is culturally accepted. Likewise, European mores generally advocate monogamy strongly. However, polygamy is a much more common social pattern worldwide, with some 80 percent of world cultures considering it acceptable. Polygyny is widely practiced by many societies throughout Asia and Africa, and polyandry is the accepted norm in a few Indian and African societies. In the United States, what many conservatives call traditional morality is held to prohibit all non-marital sex, because of the moral belief that sexual relations should occur only between husband and wife. This view of morality thus disapproves of some or all of the followingpremarital, extramarital, and homosexual relationswhether consensual or not. There are people who disagree with this traditional view. Generally they believe that sex is a natural behavior which should be only minimally restricted by legislation or other imposed moralities. Even among the most liberal views of sexual morality in the US, there is generally agreement that involving non-consenting partners (or those unable to give consent legally) in sexual relationships should be restricted and punishable under the law. Social constructions of sex continued to evolve throughout the twentieth century in Western societies. The pioneering surveys conducted by Alfred C. Kinsey and his colleagues (Kinsey et al. 1953; Kinsey, Pomeroy, and Martin 1948) found widespread premarital and extramarital sexual behavior among both men and women. This challenged the popular view that women were not interested in sex, or less interested in it than men. The work of William Masters and Virginia Johnson (1966) demonstrated that the processes of sexual arousal were similar for men and women, in contrast to the earlier view that they were different. These findings led to what has been termed the eroticization of female sexuality (Seidman 1991), the view that men and women were equally erotic. However, there are some gender differences in sexual behavior. Surveys in the United States (Smith 1991), Britain ( Johnson et al. 1994), and France (Spira et al. 1992) find that men report a larger number of sexual partners than wo men, both lifetime and in the recent past. Studies also find that men are more accepting of sexual activity in casual relationships than are women (Oliver and Hyde 1993). DISCUSSIONS Gender Discrimination In Wikipedia the definition for discrimination is given as the  prejudicial  treatment of an individual based solely on their membership (whether voluntary or involuntary) in a certain group or category. Discrimination is the  actual behavior  towards members of another group. It involves excluding or restricting members of one group from opportunities that are available to other groups.  The  United Nations  explains: Discriminatory behaviors take many forms, but they all involve some form of exclusion or rejection.  Discriminatory laws such as  redlining  have existed in many countries. In some countries, controversial attempts such as  racial quotas  have been used to redress negative effects of discrimination. The main discrimination we want to discuss is gender discrimination. The Wikipedia also defines it as the gender discrimination and sexism refers to beliefs and  attitudes  in relation to the  gender  of a person, such beliefs and attitudes are of a social nature and do not, normally, carry any legal consequences.  Sex discrimination, on the other hand, may have legal consequences. Though what constitutes sex discrimination varies between countries, the essence is that it is an adverse action taken by one person against another person that would not have occurred had the person been of another sex. Discrimination of that nature in certain enumerated circumstances is illegal in many countries. Currently, discrimination based on sex is defined as adverse action against another person, that would not have occurred had the person been of another sex. This is considered a form of  prejudice  and is illegal in certain enumerated circumstances in most countries. Sexual discrimination can arise in different contexts. For instance an employee may be discriminated against by being asked discriminatory questions during a job interview, or because an  employer  did not hire, promote or wrongfully terminated an employee based on his or her gender, or employers pay unequally based on gender. In an educational setting there could be claims that a student was excluded from an educational institution, program, opportunity, loan, student group, or scholarship due to his or her gender. In the housing setting there could be claims that a person was refused negotiations on seeking a house, contracting/leasing a house or getting a loan based on his or her gender. Another setting where there have been claims of gender discrimination is banking; for example if one is refused credit or is offered unequal loan terms based on ones gender. Another setting where there is usually gender discrimination is when one is refused to extend his or her credit, refused approval of credit/loan process, and if there is a burden of unequal loan terms based on ones gender. Socially, sexual differences have been used to justify different roles for men and women, in some cases giving rise to claims of primary and secondary roles. While there are alleged non-physical differences between men and women, major reviews of the academic literature on gender difference find only a tiny minority of characteristics where there are consistent psychological differences between men and women, and these relate directly to experiences grounded in biological difference.  However, there are also some psychological differences in regard to how problems are dealt with and emotional perceptions and reactions which may relate to hormones and the successful characteristics of each gender during longstanding roles in past primitive lifestyles. Unfair discrimination usually follows the  gender stereotyping  held by a society. The  United Nations  had concluded that women often experience a glass ceiling and that there are no societies in which women enjoy the same opportunities as men. The term glass ceiling is used to describe a perceived barrier to advancement in employment based on discrimination, especially sex discrim ination. In the  United States  in 1995, the Glass Ceiling Commission, a government-funded group, stated: Over half of all Masters degrees are now awarded to women, yet 95% of senior-level managers, of the top Fortune 1000 industrial and 500 service companies are men. Of them, 97% are white. In its report, it recommended  affirmative action, which is the consideration of an employees gender and race in hiring and promotion decisions, as a means to end this form of discrimination.  In 2008, women accounted for 51% of all workers in the high-paying management, professional, and related occupations. They outnumbered men in such occupations as public relations managers; financial managers; and human resource managers. The  Chinas leading headhunter, Chinahr.com, reported in 2007 that the average salary for white-collar men was 44,000 yuan ($6,441), compared with 28,700 yuan ($4,201) for women. The PwC research found that among FTSE 350 companies in the  United Kingdom  in 2002 almost 40% of senior management posts were occupied by women. When that research was repeated in 2007, the number of senior management posts held by women had fallen to 22%. Transgender  individuals, both male to female and female to male, often experience problems which often lead to dismissals, underachievement, difficulty in finding a job, social isolation, and, occasionally, violent attacks against them. Nevertheless, the problem of gender discrimination does not stop at trand ender individuals nor with women. Men are often the victim in certain areas of employment as men begin to seek work in office and childcare settings traditionally perceived as womens jobs. One such situation seems to be evident in a recent case concerning alleged YMCA discrimination and a Federal Court Case in Texas.  The case actually involves alleged discrimination against both men and blacks in childcare, even when they pass the same strict background tests and other standards of employment. It is currently being contended in federal court, as of fall 2009, and sheds light on how a workplace dominated by a majority (women in this case) sometimes will seemingly justify wh atever they wish to do, regardless of the law. This may be done as an effort at self-protection, to uphold traditional societal roles, or some other faulty, unethical or illegal prejudicial reasoning. Affirmative action  also leads to white men being discriminated against for entry level and blue collar positions. An employer cannot hire a white man with the same on paper qualifications over a woman or minority worker or the employer will face prosecution. The UNICEF claims on gender discrimination that birth histories and census to-date reveal an unusually high proportion of male births and male children under five in Asia, most notably in India and China, suggesting sex-selecting foeticide and infanticide in the worlds two most populous countries, despite initiatives to eradicate these practices in both countries. More than 115 million children of primary school age do not attend school. For every 100 boys not attending primary school, there are 115 girls in the same situation. Research shows that educated women are less likely to die in childbirth and more likely to send their children to school. A UNICEF survey of selected countries finds that on average, children with uneducated mothers are at least twice as likely to be out of primary school than children whose mothers attended primary school. More than 130 million women and girls alive today have been subjected to female genital mutilation/cutting (FGM/C), which can have grave health consequences, including the failure to heal, increased susceptibility to HIV infection, childbirth complications, inflammatory diseases and urinary incontinence. The younger girls are when they first have sex, the more likely it is that intercourse has been imposed on them. According to a World Health Organisation study, 150 million girls and 73 million boys under the age of 18 experienced forced sexual intercourse or other forms of physical and sexual violence in 2002. Globally, 36 per cent of woman between the ages of 20-24 were married or in union before they reached 18. Premature pregnancy and childbirth is often a dangerous consequence of child marriage. An estimated 14 million girls between 15-19 years old give birth every year. If a mother is under 18, her babys chances of dying in the first year of life is 60 percent greater than that of a baby born to a mother over 19. Babies born to mothers under 18 are more likely to suffer from low birth weight, under nutrition and delayed physical and cognitive development. High rates of illiteracy among women prevent them from knowing about the risks of HIV infection and ways to protect themselves.  Elderly women may face double discrimination on the basis of both gender and age. Women tend to live longer than men, may lack control of family resources and can face discrimination from inheritance and property laws. This is what gender discrimination means where the male and female are discriminated in some ways. Pornography Pornography or porn is the portrayal of explicit sexual subject matter for the purposes of sexual excitement and erotic satisfaction. Pornography may use any of a variety of media, ranging from books, magazines, postcards, photos, sculpture, drawing, painting, animatio, sound recordingn, film, video, or video game. However, when sexual acts are performed for a live audience, by definition, it is not pornography, as the term applies to the depiction of the act, rather than the act itself. Thus, portrayals such as sex shows and striptease are not classified as pornography. A pornographic model poses for pornographic photographs. A pornographic actor, also called porn star, acts in pornographic films. In cases where few actor skills are required a performer in pornographic films is also called a pornographic model. Pornography has often been subject to censorship and legal restraints on publication on grounds of obscenity. Such grounds and the very definition of what is or is not pornography have differed in different historical, cultural and national contexts. Over the past few decades, an immense industry for the production and consumption of pornography has grown, with the increasing use of home video and the Internet, as well as the emergence of social attitudes more tolerant of sexual portrayals. Amateur pornography has become widely popular and generally distributed via the Internet for free. MORAL PRESPECTIVE Benefits of Safe sex Sexually transmitted diseases and unwanted pregnancies can be greatly reduced by practicing safe sex. Even thought no method of safe sex is 100% effective, it is still much better than not using any protection. The methods of protection, while not foolproof, still greatly reduce the risk of contracting a sexually transmitted disease or an unwanted pregnancy. So, if you choose to engage in sexually activity, its always important to use some form of protection. The following will outline some of the options available including abstinence and monogamy, both male and female condoms, and oral contraception. Abstinence is still the best and safest method of preventing both pregnancy and sexually transmitted diseases. It is 100% effective. Although it is the only foolproof method, it is not the most popular choice. The next best option if you are unwilling to practice abstinence, is to engage in sexual activities with only one person, in a monogamous relationship. A monogamous relationship means that both you and your partner engage in sexual activity with no one but each other. While monogamy is not an effective method of birth control, it does minimize the risk of contracting sexually transmitted diseases. As long as both you and your partner are free of diseases and remain committed to each other, you will remain free of diseases. Abstinence and monogamy are both highly effective safe sex methods. Abstinence is effective at preventing both pregnancy and diseases while monogamy helps to prevent diseases only. The condom is one of the better methods available for avoiding sexually transmitted diseases. When theyre properly used they are also 97%-98% effective in preventing pregnancy. Male condoms are easily accessible in drug stores, grocery stores, and even vending machines. They are also inexpensive. There are male and female versions of the condom available. Male condoms are more popular. The male condom is a thin sheath, usually made of latex that fits over the penis and acts as a barrier to the exchange of bodily fluids during intercourse. Even if they arent used correctly, they are still very effective in preventing pregnancy (88%-90% effective). So even though they are effective, they are still not 100% reliable. The risk still exists, however small, of getting pregnant or contracting a sexually transmitted disease. The female condom is a polyurethane sheath that lines the entire vagina. The closed end is inserted into the vagina and the open end remains outside the body. Its been available only since the 1990s and is not as readily available at the male condom. If you can find it, you will also pay more for it, since it costs more than a male condom. It is however, just as effective as the male condom in preventing pregnancy and sexually transmitted diseases. There are oral contraceptives available as well that are very effective in preventing pregnancy. These however, do not protect against sexually transmitted diseases. An oral contraceptive is a pill that is taken daily which uses hormones to prevent pregnancy. If used correctly, the pill is 97-99% effective. As with any drug, there are side effects that come along with pill usage. Most of these side effects are mild. Some side effects include weight changes, nausea, irritability and breast tenderness. Even though these arent severe, they can be avoided altogether. Today there are numerous varieties of pills on the market. Talk to your doctor and find out which is best for you. Again, while oral contraceptives are effective against preventing pregnancy, they do not work against contracting sexually transmitted diseases. If you are not sure that your partner is free of disease, you should consider using another form of safe sex method as a back up to prevent these diseases. If you want to avoid pregnancy and sexually transmitted diseases, it is best to take all the measure you can to practice safe sex. So while abstinence is the only 100% effective method against pregnancy and sexually transmitted diseases, there are other options out there to explore that offer good benefits. Monogamy is effective in protection against sexually transmitted diseases, while condoms and birth control pills are effective against unwanted pregnancies. Safer Sex (Safe Sex) at a Glance can reduces our risk of getting a sexually transmitted disease (STD), using condoms makes vaginal or anal intercourse safer sex, using condoms or other barriers makes oral sex safer sex, having sex play without intercourse can be even safer sex, and safer sex can be very pleasurable and exciting. CONCLUSION As a conclusion the major change in the discourse about sex is the uncoupling of sex from marriage. As sexual gratification became accepted as an end in itself, people began to challenge the belief that intimate sexual activity should be limited to marriage. A liberal discourse emerged, which argued that sexual intimacy involving consenting people who are not married nor planning to marry is acceptable. In the 1970s, some argued that extramarital sexual intimacy is acceptable if the spouse approves (ONeill and ONeill 1972). This discourse led to expansion of available sexual lifestyles, including nonmarital relationships, cohabitation, and open marriage. Since the mid-1960s, in the United States and elsewhere in the West, a minority discourse has developed that separates sex from love. According to this view, engaging in sexual intimacy for physical pleasure, or to express affection for ones partner, is legitimate. This discourse is the basis of a best-selling sexual advice book of the 1970s, The Joy of Sex (Comfort 1972), and its sequel, The New Joy of Sex (Comfort 1991). This discourse views male and female as essentially equal in sexual potential and in the right to sexual gratification. It challenges the double standard that sexual intimacy outside marriage or a committed relationship is acceptable for men but not for women. This discourse is consistent with the view that sex need not be limited to heterosexual couples. Thus, it facilitated the movement toward acceptance of casual heterosexual and homosexual contacts and living in committed gay and lesbian relationships. The most visible change in the United States and other Western cultures since the mid-1970s is the increasing explicitness of public discourse about sexuality. Explicit sexual representations are found in newspapers, magazines, novels, and films. The individuals desire for sexual fulfillment is used to sell lipstick, colognes, beer, clothing, travel, and automobiles. Personal advertisements, singles magazines, and dating services cater to the desire to find the (nearly) perfect spouse or the perfect sexual partner. The sex industry provides lubricants, vibrators, erotic clothing, and explicit videos to people seeking sexual fulfillment. Thus, stimuli associated with arousal are almost everywhere, creating a culture in which the sexual is ever-present. This sexualization of the culture undoubtedly contributes to the occurrence of sexual activity in places and among persons formerly prohibited.

Key Points presented by Philosophers in the 17th Century

IntroductionREALLY, should it not be the purpose of a government to work for the benefit of its subjects? The well-known American George Washington said that â€Å"the happiness of society,† that is, of the people, â€Å"is, or ought to be, the end [the objective] of all government.† Over the centuries, humankind has lived under hundreds of governments. None have truly satisfied the needs of all the people.Whatever the complaints made, however, the fact remains that some sort of government is clearly better than no government at all. Without government there would be no order; it would be no less than mob rule. And if you have ever seen a mob in action you know what that would mean—for in a mob people take the opportunity to vent hatred, greed and viciousness, feeling that no one will identify them for punishment.However, despite of all the disappointments brought about by the human government to the society through the threads of history, philosophers from the o lden times up until the present era still believes that the human society could not exist in an organized manner without the existence of a concrete government in authority.  In this regard, it is thus essential for the present generation to know the vitality of the philosophies presented by the 17th up until the 21st century philosophers and how much important they are with regards to the political systems existing in the human society todayAmong the well-known philosophers to be discussed herein are Rene Descartes, Karl Marx, Thomas Hobbes Leviathan, John Locke, Voltaire Candide, Jean Jacques Rousseau, and Montesquieu. These philosophers are most likely agreeing on one theme with regards to their belief of the present situation of the human society and tits need of having a government to rule over its concerns. In this regard, an analysis would be very beneficial to understand the theories and philosophies formulated by the people mentioned above.The PhilosophiesRene Descartes b elieves that in many ways, the human society is in dire need of a government to rule over its activities. According to him, it is indeed naturally innate in humans that they are able to solve and face the challenges they are supposed to meet everyday. The fact that they are capable of speculating on the things that might happen through simple application of theories, humans are indeed capable of solving social issues they face. However, it is also evident in his philosophy that to be able to create the necessary solutions for certain problems, it is important for humans to attain guidance from a higher sort of authority. This is where a government enters the scenario, which is ought to give guidance to the society on how they are supposed to deal with the numerous problems that occur in the society every now and then.Karl Marx on the other end refers to governments as a source of social strength. In his philosophy on the communist manifesto, he states that the idea of communism to  produce socialism is an important factor in helping the human society to progress through their works. According to him, the factual effect of communism to many countries using the said type of government as a means of ruling the territories they organize. It is through this way of governance that the authorities are able to favor the abilities placed by the workers in contributing to the economy of the entire country.Still regarding politics, Thomas Hobbes Leviathan states in his philosophy that men, when left alone are naturally lovers of violence. They are naturally involved in fights and chaos. However, an existing government designed to help the human generations deal with the conflicts they have against each other, then such conflicts are possible of being solved. The laws prepared and implicated by the human governments help so much in making it possible for the human society to be well organized thus giving humans the chance to control their emotions and reactions towards several conflicts that they are involved with.John Locke on the other hand agrees with the idea of Thomas Hobbes. He believes that through the existence of empiricism, the human civilization would become more organized. He states in his philosophy that the main goal of every government is to establish a certain level of organization within the human society. Aside from this, it is indeed beneficial that the governments help the society to learn the needs and the essential factors contributed by law to the lives of the population of people making up the society. With this, cooperation between each subject within the territories ruled by the government could be established well.John Locke further adds that in many ways, a human government is able to emphasize the need for each person to pursue what they believe is true. Certainly, through the existence of ‘tabula rasa’, which refers to the natural rights of humans, the governments are able to deal with the problems caused by the social conflicts in a better and organized manner.Voltaire Candide meanwhile talks about the utopia of the human generation. According to him, the regular exercise of humans of their right to speak of their minds helps in making a better government. The ability of humans to speak out their minds and the rights that are connected with it constantly helps in making more reliable and practical laws and regulations for the society. Certainly, the constant practice of this right is believed by Candide to be a key source to social development.Jean Jacques Rousseau of the philosophy on Social Contract on the other hand makes a clear point in stating that humans are naturally good, however, because of the government and the environment around them, they become rude and are influenced to do otherwise than what is accepted good. To him, government is a factor of the society that must be constantly controlled by the people since the people placed the government in authority. To him, th e exercise of democracy is the key factor to social success.Regarding the existence of a democratic government, Montesquieu agrees that the present systems used by the European governments, having been able to divide the rulership or authoritative power into three major sectors is among the most progressive  innovation there ever was in the human government. In this regard, it is thus expected to be effective enough in leading the human civilization to a progressive future.ConclusionA peaceful, prosperous and happy world that is what people everywhere long for. Not just humility, but reality and honesty oblige us to admit that it is because all men are imperfect that they are not capable of dealing with the necessary needs of having a true reliable government. The fault lies, not just with those who rule, but also with those who are ruled. True, Instant communication and fast transportation have â€Å"shrunk† the size of the world, so that there is an interlocking of intere sts, and no nation can be an isolated, totally independent unit. What happens in one place affects people everywhere else.Governments can make some minor moves to adjust matters and make conditions a little better for the people. However, such help proves to be only superficial and temporary. As the philosophers discussed in this paper states, the existence of a fine government lies upon the capability of the people to cooperate and be in submission to the laws created by the authorities to attain a social Utopia.BIBLIOGRAPHYSteven M. Cahn. (1998). Classics of Political and Moral Philosophy.Oxford University Press, USA.

Confidentiality Notes

Ethical theories and principles that are related to confidentiality are- confidentiality is one of the most basic principles in health care practice and it is the most long-standing ethical dictum in health care codes of ethics. It is the practice of keeping harmful, shameful, or embarrassing patient information within proper bounds. The right to privacy gives legal standing to this ethical principle. ). a reliable test for who among team members should be given certain types of information is need to know basis.It is necessary for one to adequately perform ones specific job responsibilities- meaning that by giving the information does it provide the adequate caring response that is required for the patient) Immediate aims of confidentiality are to: 1. Facilitate the sharing of sensitive information with the goal of helping the patient 2. Exclude unauthorized people from such information 3. Discern need to know information from mere interest when deciding what to share.Confidentialit y serves as one cornerstone for the solid foundation of a trusting health professional-patient relationship that should be built AMA principles of medical ethics states that:- a physician shall respect the rights of patients, of colleagues and of other health professionals and shall safeguard patient confidences within the constrains of the law. This provides a conflict when a physician knows that some secret may be harmful for the patient and yet are bound to keep it.Breaking Confidence- Legal exceptions to the standard of practice that confidences must be kept, except with the patient’s consent or at the patient’s request to break it include * An emergency in which keeping the confidence will harm the patient * Patient is incompetent or incapacitated and a third party needs to be informed for decision making for the patient * Third parties are at a risk for harm (eg. Sexually transmitted diseases, child or other abuses) * Request for commitment or hospitalization of a psychiatrically ill patient * A serious risk that any others may be harmed (a terrorist threat) Eventually breaking of confidence always enlists at least one harm and for health professionals it is to minimize the harm 6 step process in confidentiality situations 1. Step 1- Gather relevant information- 2. Step 2 &3- identify the type of ethical problem and the ethics approach to analyze it 3. Step 4- Explore the practical alternatives 4. Step5- Complete the action 5. Step 6- Evaluate the process and outcomeEthical principles or elements that support confidentiality are * Beneficence * Nonmaleficence or fidelity * Right to autonomy Key character trait is trustworthiness kindness, compassion, and courage to help with the challenging situations. Patient care information systems (PCIS)- is a computerized systems of record of patients that are permanently kept in an electronic form Health information managers- (also known as the gatekeepers of medical records) are key members of the he alth care team.Their primary role is the responsibility for designing and maintaining the system that facilitates the collection, use and dissemination of health and medical information. They ensure that the medical records are correct and kept in privacy and are only given to the health professionals that have the right to see them. They ensure that the records are not abused or released to unauthorized persons. Medical record is an extremely useful document for the health professionals * Can be found both in paper and electronic form They are systematic accounts of a patient’s encounter with a health provider * They serve as a repository of information * Generated by and contributed to by many providers in various health delivery settings * EHR- Electronic health record is an electronic record of patient health information, they often include patient demographics, progress notes, problems, medications, relevant social history, medical history, vital signs, laboratory data a nd diagnostic reports guidelines that are applicable when recording patient information 1. Questionable information should be clearly labeled as questionable 2. True information that is not relevant to should not be recorded 3. All information should be handled among health professionals with regard for the privacy and dignity of patients Confidentiality finally comes down to each professional being vigilant about the flow of patient information, guided by the goal of using information to help the patient.Patient privacy- Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) of 1996 * This act imposed considerable new constraints on the use and disclosure of a patient’s personal clinical information * Major goal of HIPAA is to ensure that an individual’s health information is properly protected while allowing the glow of information needed to promote high-quality care * This set of regulations are called the New Federal Medical Privacy Rule- basic intent is to co ntrol the use or disclosure of â€Å"protected health information† * One area that this rule strongly affects is the handling of information for purposes of research.It has also been interpreted to mean that information about patients (including family members) cannot be released * A â€Å"covered entity† is defined as a health plan, data processing company, health care professional, or hospital The Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health Act- * Parts of this act expanded and strengthened the privacy laws that protect patient health information originally outlined under HIPAA. Provides additional provisions regarding privacy and security breaches, reporting of breaches, accounting of disclosures, restrictions of disclosures for sales and marketing purposes, and monetary penalties associates with HIPAA violations.