Similarities Between The Stranger And Waiting For Godot

â€Å"The Stranger† was written by Albert Camus, and â€Å"Waiting for Godot† was written by Samuel Beckett. There are many similarities and differences between these two pieces of literature. The main similarity is that both pieces of literature explore existentialism, but it’s also a main difference because of the methods in which the characters explore meaning in a different way. These two pieces of literature can easily be compared and contrasted due to the connectivity of the central themes. The authors explore existentialism in both pieces of literature. In â€Å"Waiting for Godot†, the two main characters, Vladimir and Estragon, endlessly wait for a man called Godot. This is the only way in which they seem to search for meaning. They hope that†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"I didn’t feel like having lunch at Celeste’s like I usually did because they’d be sure to ask questions and I don’t like that.†(Camus, 21). He also usually spends his free time smoking, eating, or watching people on the street. In â€Å"Waiting for Godot†, Vladimir and Estragon wait for a man named Godot at the same place repeatedly, and they don’t have anything else to do. Waiting for Godot is the only meaning Vladimir and Estragon have in order to continue living. The expression of emotions are different in the two pieces of literature. In â€Å"The Stranger†, Meursault does not express any emotions. He doesn’t show any feelings when his mother died or when Marie asks him if he loves her or not. Nothing but the physical world actually matters to him. Merusault is also honest, and his honesty reflects his ignorance toward Marie and his mother’s death. â€Å"Maman died today. Or yesterday, maybe. I got a telegram from the home: â€Å"Mother deceased. Funeral tomorrow. Faithfully yours.† That doesn’t mean anything. Maybe it was yesterday.†(Camus, 3). In â€Å"Waiting for Godot†, emotions are expressed in various ways. Mersault doesn’t express his feelings because he thinks there’s no meaning, but Vladimir and Estragon believe that Godot will help them, which shows that they have hope. They express their feelings, like getting angry when Lucky was treated inhumanely, getting excited wh enShow MoreRelatedOverview of Three Interpretations of Samuel Becketts Waiting for Godot3226 Words   |  13 Pages Samuel Beckett wrote Waiting for Godot between October 1948 and January 1949. Since its premiere in January of 1953, it has befuddled and confounded critics and audiences alike. Some find it to be a meandering piece of drivel; others believe it to be genius. Much of the strain between the two sides stems from one simple question. What does this play mean? Even within camps where Waiting for Godot is heralded, the lack of clarity and consensus brings about a tension and discussion that has lastedRead MoreRhetorical Analysis Of Harold Pinter s The Room 9709 Words   |  39 PagesChristopher Fry’s The Lady is not for Burning (1948), T.S. Eliot’s Murder in the Cathedral (1935) and The Cocktail Party (1949) are some of the noteworthy poetic dramas of the period. A significant development which took place during the period between Word War I and World II is a decline in religious faith which according to Esslin â€Å"was masked until the end of the Second World war by the substitute religions of faith in progress, nationalism, and various totalitarian fallacies† (Pinter the PlaywrightRead MoreEssay Prompts4057 Words   |  17 PagesMe,Ultima One Hundred Years of Solitude Catch-22 Othello Crime and Punishment The Scarlet Letter The Crucible Slaughterhouse-Five A Farewell to Arms Song of Solomon Ghosts The Stone Angel The Great Gatsby The Stranger Heart of Darkness A Tale of Two Cities The House of Mirth Their Eyes Were Watching God Jude the Obscure 2003 (Form A): According to critic Northrop Frye, â€Å"Tragic heroes are so much the highest points in their human landscape that they

Grapes of Wrath Book Report - 1502 Words

The Joad family is forced to move to California because of the Oklahoma Dust Bowl, which has made it impossible for them to earn a livelihood through farming. Drought and depression has made it impossible for farmers to grow a substantial amount to live on. As inflation rises and wages drop, a gigantic worker migration heads West in search of Jobs. They have seen notices asking for workers in the western part of the United States, and travel thinking that they will find gainful employment. However there is much to learn about the United States in its economic turmoil. During the depression, thousands of people looked for work, and were cheated every step of the way. The Grapes of Wrath, by John Steinbeck, is the story about a†¦show more content†¦They will have to travel 200 miles, and the Joads would rather not move again. They encounter a contractor who offers them a job picking fruit up north. Floyd asks to see the mans contract, and the contractor calls a deputy sheriff out from his car accusing Floyd of agitating the workers. Tom and Casy knock the deputy unconscious. Later Casy is taken to jail and the camp is torched for red in influences. The family moves on to a government camp, where they find running water and a well-established community but little work. At the Weedpatch camp, decisions are made by committee, the women share childcare duties, and the police are not allowed to enter without a permit. The campers invite Tom to look for work at their site. He meets the owner, Thomas, who tells them that the wage has been lowered from thirty to twenty-five cents. He also warns them that there is going to be a fight at the Saturday night dance at the camp, because the police want an excuse to infiltrate the campsite. A touring car drives to the entrance, and the driver calls that he heard they have a riot inside. The guard tells him that there is no riot, and asks who they are. They say they are deputy sheriffs, and he asks for a warrant. They say they do not need one if there is a riot, and the guard responds that there is none. The car drives away and waits nearby. However they leave when noth ing erupts. The Joad leave only because they cannot earn aShow MoreRelatedBook Report : The Grapes Of Wrath 1074 Words   |  5 PagesAubrey Hepstall Ms. Franklin English 9 Pre-AP 12 February 2016 Novel Synopsis Assignment Title of Novel: The Grapes of Wrath Author: John Steinbeck Year Written: 1939 Author’s Nationality: Salinas California, United States Type of Novel: Historical Fiction and Realistic Fiction Setting of Novel: The Grapes of Wrath takes place in the 1930s Dust Bowl period. It is set in Sallisaw, Oklahoma, along Route 66, Bakersfield, and Weedpatch migrant camp. Protagonist: Tom Joad Antagonist: The banks areRead MoreWhat Influenced John Steinbeck?. What Exactly Influenced884 Words   |  4 Pagestown well known for farming and being poor. Its thought that his many conversations with the migrant workers of the area inspired a lot of his work, such as â€Å"Of Mice and Men†, a story he particularly wrote about some migrant workers. Or, â€Å"The Grapes Of Wrath† a story he wrote about a family suffering in the dust bowl as they worked their way around California. Migrant workers obviously had a large impact of his workings, but not all of it. Its thought that Charles Darwin also played a big role inRead MoreGrapes of Wrath Summary773 Words   |  4 PagesThe Grapes Of Wrath Gena Rodriguez Student in Crime Films The Grapes Of Wrath The Grapes Of Wrath was a book that followed the Joad family on their journey from their deserted farm in Oklahoma to the riches of California, as their farms were destroyed in Oklahoma. They took few possessions with them on their journey, however they had eachother. They even picked up others along the way, all in hopes of a vision of getting their lives on track in California. Their journey was not easy asRead MoreRefugees And Republics : Summary1433 Words   |  6 PagesOnly one in five women surveyed for the report on Syrian refugees had found paid work. Contrast that with the one in three women who are too afraid or overwhelmed to leave their houses, their isolation and despair palpable: â€Å"I don’t want to leave the house because of the sadness in my heart,† one 70 year old grandmother said. Obviously the circumstances facing the Syrian refugees are greater than the circumstances facing the characters in The Grapes of Wrath, also known as ‘Okies†™, due to the greaterRead MoreAnalysis Of Cesar Chavez s Wrath Of The Grapes Boycott 1234 Words   |  5 Pagesknown as the â€Å"Wrath of the Grapes Boycott, 1986† in which he expresses his feelings towards farmwork and the worth of humanity. Cesar Chavez main argument was to regulate the use of pesticides in the agricultural industry. The pesticides that were being used in the farms were detrimental to the health of many of the laborers. They polluted the air, water, earth and the health of the people. In no way was this beneficial to anyone s health. Chavez objective was to boycott the grapes and show theRead More John Steinbeck Essay1735 Words   |  7 PagesAmerican. He got fired because he couldn’t or wouldn’t report facts as he found them--only the poetry or pilosophy he saw in them. New York was a cold, frightening place to him and Steinbeck, deeply discouraged, returned to California. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Steinbeck took a job as a caretaker at a vacation home near Lake Tahoe. He was alone most of the time and became indulged in his writings. He finished writing his first novel in 1928. The book, title â€Å"Cup of Gold,† was a historical tale of theRead MoreThe Power of the Printed Word697 Words   |  3 PagesThe Power of the Printed Word 1) Uncle Toms Cabin was a highly influential book on Englands view of American slavery in the Deep South. This novel promoted abolition and intensified sectional conflict between the north and south. 2) The Declaration of Independence formalized the colonies separation from Britain and laid out the Enlightenment values (best expressed by John Locke) of natural rights to life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness upon which the American Revolution was based. Read More Censorship - A Clash of Wills and Morals Essay4147 Words   |  17 PagesCensorship - A Clash of Wills and Morals A list of the greatest literature of the English language could be compiled almost solely by using a chart of the works most often censored by schools and libraries. Some people believe that the books most frequently banned consist only of trashy paperbacks and frivolous â€Å"beach-reading.† However, usually in censorship cases, there is a clash of wills and morals between the teacher or librarian who finds a work worthy of students’ and Read Morethe worst hard time1139 Words   |  5 Pagesand then write a comparative analysis of the documentary film and Egan’s book. Note any conflicting accounts of the dust bowl or the presentation of events or any additions of details in one account that aren’t present in the other, and then reflect on the significance of these differences. Do the accounts share the same purpose and audience? How do the messages vary? Analyze how the different medium and genre—a historical book vs. a documentary film—employ similar or differing strategies to appealRead MoreReflection Paper About Literacy1154 Words   |  5 Pagesstudents dive into reading through participating in a program called Accelerated Reading. In this program, all students picked books appropriate for their individual reading levels. On a specific date, the whole class would take a field trip to the computer laboratory to take an online test. The assessments tested overall comprehension and to see if students actually read the book. The teachers kept track of the results, and the top readers would receive prizes from pizza hut. Additionally, in the beginning

Causes For The Collapse Of Hih And Onetel Case Study

Question: Discuss about theCauses For the Collapse of Hih And Onetel. Answer: Introduction It has been observed that the during the first year of 21st century there were many high profile company that collapsed and mostly these were in U.S. that included WorldCom and Enron and in Australia the companies were HIH Insurance , OneTel, Ansett Airlines and Harris Scarfe. The main aim of the report is to analysis and investigate the failure of the two Australian corporate the HIH insurance and the OneTel and further reviews the inadequate corporate governance that were responsible for their failure. In the August 2001 the HIH company was liquidated with the losses that ranged about AU$ 3.6 billion to about AU$ 5.3 and just before its collapse a very well known company of telecommunication in Australia and one of the fastest growing company listed in ASX posted a operating loss of AU$ 291 million in the year 2000. The failure of both the companies that is the HIH and the OneTel was analyised to be the myriad problem that is the weak corporate governance that was being faced by bo th the companies along with various other issues that included aggressive financial reporting, unsustainable business strategies, questionable party transactions, ineffective working capital and poor auditing. It was highlighted that the main cause of the failure of the OneTel and the HIH was not having good corporate governance and not paying the lip service. The main problem that was faced by both OneTel and HIH was their passion for chasing low yield business and not thinking or worrying about the covering of the future liabilities hence not saving sufficient capital for meeting the future needs.(Hill, 2007) This problem was due to the failure of the management and the board of directors of the company to monitor and enforce the due diligence in the company.(Barney, 2009) Collapse of the HIH Insurance The collapse of the HIH insurance was considered to be the biggest corporate failure in Australia due to which a Royal Commission was established by the Liberal Federal Government for investigating in to various reasons that lead to the failure of HIH. There were number of recommendations that resulted in to the changes of corporate regulatory. There were various policies and systems that failed in this spectacular fashion. It was concluded by the commissioner Mr. Justice Owen that the collapse of the HIH was due to the inflated egos, lack of monitoring and the poor systems. It was found that there were number of directors who had breached their duties under the corporation act and hence they were banned for any of the involvement in the management of the company. It was observed that HIH had a very conservative corporate culture and various deficiencies that resulted in the collapse of the HIH. The CEO of the company was very dominating and charismatic who engaged himself in various high risk practices in the market that was highly competitive. There were no independent directors on board of HIH and some of the directors even alleged that they were not aware of the true financial position of the company. (Owen, 2003)Many of the difficulties that HIH faced was due to its aggressive acquisition strategy, a culture of not giving the bad news and the growth at all cost mentality that often resulted in the conflict between the implantation of the corporate governance procedures and profit maximization.(Commission, 2003) Causes of Collapse of the HIH Group From the financial perceptive of the company it can be concluded that the main reason that led to the collapse of the HIH Company was the inability of the company for paying the claims of the debts and the insurance policy holders that fell due. The poor cash position of the one of the second largest Australian Company led it to the collapse. It is very important for every company to meet its operating cycle to maintain the cash for the long term success of the company. (Monem, 2009)Thus, after examining the causes of the collapse of the HIH then the focus cannot be made on to the cash only rather the analysis needs to be extended in to the financial activities and the operational activities that are the main causes of the insolvent position of the company.(The HIH Royal Commission(a), 2003) The insurance company deals it self with the high risk position as a going concern issue. The three important vehicles of the insurance company are outstanding claim provision, the risk pricing ability and the investment decision. Firstly, the pricing ability is taken into consideration. Underwriting is very important element in the insurance business for its general operations. According to the reports of the Royal Commission in the year 1997 HIH made a underwriting loss of $73 million against the premium that it earned of about $1550 million. Flawed Corporate Governance Practices After analyzing in to the matter it can be found out that the main reason for the bankruptcy of HIH was the agency cost problem that arose from the conflict between the managers, proprietors and the debtors of the organization.(Clarke Frank, 2003) According to the theory of the mainstream it can be analyzed that the equilibrium between the debtors and the stakeholders can be dynamically made because if the interest of the debtor will be impaired it will automatically reduce the value of the company and would cause a damage to the interests of the stakeholders. For maintaining such equilibrium it is important to take in to consideration the main element which is corporate governance. So, it can be concluded here that the main reason for the bankruptcy of the company was the failure of its corporate governance. But, after going through the corporate governance report it can be found that the company has maintained a decent corporate governance model that is complied with the guidelines of the ASX. Lack of Independence of the Non-Executive Director According to the analysis the independence of the non-executive directors needs to be questioned which is not that perfect as it appears to be. This inference can be drawn from the facts below: There are five non executive director of the company out of which two are the former partner of the Arthur Anderson which is the auditor of the HIH Company. (Buchanan Bonnie, 2003)Further, it can be noticed that the Arthur limited has earned $8 million after auditing the HIH business whereas it has earned $7 million from other auditing services. It is very well known fact that the non auditing services are regarded to be the major distracting source that takes the independence of the auditors. During the year 2000 the controlled entity paid the insurance premium for ensuring the officers and the directors of the company One of the auditors of the audit committee Justin Gardener was the auditor of the FAI in the year 1980 and in the year 1998 FAI was sold to HIH. This was the main reason for the collapse of the HIH Company as this takeover transaction highly influenced HIH Company. Inadequate Risk Management Risk management is considered to be very important for the operation of the insurance company. The above three issues evidence very well that the company did not shaped its risk management in a good way. The directors of the company were negligent regarding the decisions of the analyses of the strategy. The Collapse of OneTel There were various deficiencies in the corporate governance practices of OneTel that were responsible for its demise. At the time of the collapse of the OneTel the company already had operations in seven countries and annual sales of AU$653 million. Though the financial position of the company was very much secure but it has an inadequate corporate governance structure. The CEO of the company had an excessive influence on the board of directors to the extent that there was no chairman who had the designation at the place even. Rather the CEO of the company acted on ad hoc basis on the board of directors chair. The monitoring of the non executive directors was also inadequate and the oversight of the management that was very well reflected in the composition of the audit, remuneration committee all was dominated by the executive directors and CEOs.(The Corporate Law Economic Reform Program, 2004) There were various corporate governance failures that led to the collapse of the OneTel Company. The various factors were: Firstly, the CEO had the excessive influence on the Board of directors that led to the board of directors to be ineffective and further reduced the capacity for providing oversight and control. Secondly, the investors who were misled by the financial position of the company though being aware of being misled took least interest in the management of the company and relied more on the direction of the executive directors and the CEO. (ASX Corporate Governance Council, 2003)Thirdly, there was not much effect on the non executive directors as they were closely associated with the CEO. Fourthly, there was a conflict of interest with the auditor that was compromised due to the non audit services of the company. Lastly, the Board of directors was not independent and hence they were not able to monitor the behavior of the management properly and were not able to control the agenda of the board of directors. The Royal Commission Outcomes There were various governance related recommendations made by the HIH Royal commission to the regulators, ASX and the legislature in the development of the CLERP 9 and the release of the principles of ASX in the year 2003. There was various substantial guidance provided by the ASX corporate and the CLERP 9 to the companies to explain and comply the basis that were stringent than the various Australian disclosure requirements. Clerp9 One of the most important Australian legislative reforms that responded towards the failure of the HIH was the CLERP 9 that had a major impact on the corporate governance of the Australia that even continues to the present day. The proposals of the CLERP 9 had a direct impact on the corporate governance practices that increased in the mandatory auditor independence that further required that the top 500 listed companies on the Australian stock exchange shall have the audit committees. Hence, the listed companies external auditors were required to attend the annual general meetings and answer the questions of the shareholders of the company, there shall be whistle blower policy for recognizing the various wrong doers in the organization and the participation of the shareholders shall be improved in the meetings of the company. Conclusion For facilitating good financial performance and maximizing the returns of the shareholders it is very important to have good corporate governance practice. From the cases of the OneTel and HIH it can be analyzed that corporate governance id much more than just ticking the boxes. The monitoring model of the HIH was award winning but it was ineffective while the OneTel disregarded the guidelines of the corporate governance all together. Both the companies were unable to periodically access the corporate governance practices. Due to the collapse of the HIH and OneTel various codes and reforms were introduced according to which the board was allowed to review the manner of its operation. The above report has analyzed the various corporate excesses and the corporate governance. In the case of HIH though it has a very well developed corporate model but the actual corporate governance practices have been flawed. Due to the inadequacy of the practices of the corporate governance there is a h igh inherent risk on the company. Bibliography ASX Corporate Governance Council, 2003. Principles of Good Corporate Governance and Best Practice Recommendations. Australian Stock Exchange Ltd. , pp.1-79. Barney, J., 2009. Corporate Scandals, Executive Compensation, andInternational Corporate Governance Convergence: A U.S.-Australia Case Study. Buchanan Bonnie, A.T.N.L., 2003. Beware the Ides of March: The Collapse ofHIH Insurance, in Batten J, A and Fetherston T. A. Social Responsibility: CorporateGovernance Issues, pp.199-221. Clarke Frank, D.G.a.O.K., 2003. Corporate Collapse: Accounting, Regulatoryand Ethical Failure. Sydney: Cambridge University Press.. Commission, T.H.R., 2003. The Failure of HIH Insurance. A corporate collapse and its lessons, 1-3. Hill, J., 2007. Evolving Rules of the Game in Corporate Governance Reform. Canberra: ANU, ESRC/GOVNET Workshop. Monem, R., 2009. The Life and Death of OneTel, Griffith University. presented at the American Accounting Association Annual Meeting. Owen, N., 2003. HIH Royal Commission Final Report. The Corporate Law Economic Reform Program, 2004. Audit Reform andCorporate Disclosure. [Online] Available at: https://www.comlaw.gov.au/comlaw/Legislation/Act1.nsf/0/66B0C93ECDA86C21CA256F [Accessed 8 September 2016]. The HIH Royal Commission(a), 2003. The failure of HIH: a critical assessment, in The Failure of HIH Insurance. A corporate collapse and its lessons, 1.

Romeo And Juliet Essays (308 words) - Characters In Romeo And Juliet

Romeo And Juliet Summary Act IV, scene i Juliet finds Friar Laurence trying to convince Paris to postpone his wedding plans. Paris tries to wring a confession of love from Juliet, but he finally agrees to leave so she can make her confession to the Friar. Juliet asks the priest if he has any solution to her predicament or if she should just kill herself. He tells her his plan: she should to consent to the marriage, then drink a potion the Friar will give her the night before the wedding, which will make her appear to be dead. He says he will send a friar to Mantua with a letter telling Romeo of their plan so he can come and carry her from the tomb when she awakes from the sleep the potion will induce. Act IV, scene ii Juliet comes home to find the preparations being made for her wedding. She tells her father that on Friar Laurence's advice, she is now willing to submit to his will. She goes with her Nurse to choose her outfit for the wedding, which has been moved up a day. Act IV, scene iii Juliet sends the Nurse and her mother away. She lies down with her dagger, which she has determined to use if the potion doesn't work, and begins to have misgivings and fearful visions. She drinks the potion and falls asleep. Act IV, scene iv Capulet oversees the wedding preparations early on the morning of the wedding. Paris arrives with Friar Laurence, and the Nurse goes to wake Juliet. Act IV, scene v The Nurse finds Juliet, apparently dead. The others enter one by one, and are stunned and dismayed. The Friar consoles them, saying Juliet's death is for the best, and urges them carry her to the church for her funeral. Bibliography i found it all miihself Theater

Free Essays on Terror Strikes America

Terror strikes America Since the â€Å"Attack on America† the world has been in grievance and in shock. Our conception of America has been we are the biggest, the best, and the most powerful in the world. But since terrorism has killed thousands of people and sent our country into devastation we have doubts about how our great country is going to react. As a nation we are feeling anger towards the perpetrators responsible for this, as well as sadness for those lives lost and for their families. America has been the leading world power for decades. September 11, 2001, America was struck by terrorism. Terrorist hijacked four commercial airliners, with the intent to kill as many people as possible. They steered and crashed two planes into each of the World Trade Centers in New York City, as well as one plane into part of the Pentagon in Washington. The two towers were soon crumbling down on top of the rescue workers and the innocent victims still inside the buildings. The other plane was wrecked into farmland in Pennsylvania after the passengers on board called their loved ones and found out what was happening. They soon rushed the hijackers with the intent to hopefully save many more lives, while giving up their own. It is the heroes on that plane, and the rescue workers willing to die for the unimaginable and unselfish love for the integrity of American humanity. Although our country is in turmoil, we have come more together now then ever before. Our rescue workers are still working night and day after two weeks to find the lost loved ones. They are tearing through two buildings that took over two years to build, and taking them down with buckets. Since the tragedy began, all the families and loved ones that lost friends, and parents, and children have not gave up hope. But yet still have the undeniable fact that they have to come to deal with. They have put their prayers in God and have posted pictures and lit candle... Free Essays on Terror Strikes America Free Essays on Terror Strikes America Terror strikes America Since the â€Å"Attack on America† the world has been in grievance and in shock. Our conception of America has been we are the biggest, the best, and the most powerful in the world. But since terrorism has killed thousands of people and sent our country into devastation we have doubts about how our great country is going to react. As a nation we are feeling anger towards the perpetrators responsible for this, as well as sadness for those lives lost and for their families. America has been the leading world power for decades. September 11, 2001, America was struck by terrorism. Terrorist hijacked four commercial airliners, with the intent to kill as many people as possible. They steered and crashed two planes into each of the World Trade Centers in New York City, as well as one plane into part of the Pentagon in Washington. The two towers were soon crumbling down on top of the rescue workers and the innocent victims still inside the buildings. The other plane was wrecked into farmland in Pennsylvania after the passengers on board called their loved ones and found out what was happening. They soon rushed the hijackers with the intent to hopefully save many more lives, while giving up their own. It is the heroes on that plane, and the rescue workers willing to die for the unimaginable and unselfish love for the integrity of American humanity. Although our country is in turmoil, we have come more together now then ever before. Our rescue workers are still working night and day after two weeks to find the lost loved ones. They are tearing through two buildings that took over two years to build, and taking them down with buckets. Since the tragedy began, all the families and loved ones that lost friends, and parents, and children have not gave up hope. But yet still have the undeniable fact that they have to come to deal with. They have put their prayers in God and have posted pictures and lit candle...

An Overview of Labeling Theory

An Overview of Labeling Theory Labeling theory states that people come to identify and behave in ways that reflect how others label them. It is most commonly associated with the sociology of crime and deviance: labeling and treating someone as criminally deviant can foster deviant behavior. Labeling someone as a criminal, for example, can cause others to treat them more negatively- and the response to being treated more negatively can be in turn for that person to act more negatively. ï » ¿The Origins of Labeling Theory Labeling theory is rooted in the idea of the social construction of reality, which is central to the field of sociology and is linked to the symbolic interactionist perspective. As an area of focus, it flourished within American sociology during the 1960s, thanks in large part to sociologist  Howard Becker. However, its core ideas can be traced back to the work of founding French sociologist  Emile Durkheim. The theory of American sociologist  George Herbert Mead, which focused on the social construction of the self as a process involving interactions with others, was also influential in its development. Others involved in the development of labeling theory and the conduct of research related to it include Frank Tannenbaum, Edwin Lemert, Albert Memmi, Erving Goffman, and David Matza. Overview Labeling theory is one of the most important approaches to understanding deviant and criminal behavior. It  begins with the assumption that no act is intrinsically criminal. Definitions of criminality are established by those in power through the formulation of laws and the interpretation of those laws by police, courts, and correctional institutions. Deviance is therefore not a set of characteristics of individuals or groups, but rather it is a process of interaction between deviants and non-deviants and the context in which criminality is being interpreted. To understand the nature of deviance itself, we must first understand why some people are tagged with a deviant label, and others are not. Those who represent forces of law and order and those who enforce the boundaries of what is considered normal behavior, such as the police, court officials, experts, and school authorities, provide the main source of labeling. By applying labels to people, and in the process creating categories of deviance, these people reinforce the power structure of society. Many of the rules that define deviance and the contexts in which deviant behavior is labeled as deviant are framed by the wealthy for the poor, by men for women, by older people for younger people, and by ethnic and racial majorities for minority groups. In other words, the more powerful and dominant groups in society create and apply deviant labels to the subordinate groups. For example, many children engage in activities such as breaking windows, stealing fruit from other people’s trees, climbing into other people’s yards, or playing hooky from school. In affluent neighborhoods, these acts may be regarded by parents, teachers, and police as innocent aspects of the process of growing up. In poor areas, on the other hand, these same activities might be seen as tendencies towards juvenile delinquency, which suggests that differences of class and race play an important role in the process of assigning labels of deviance. Research has shown that Black girls and boys are disciplined more frequently and more harshly by teachers and school administrators than  are their peers of other races, though there is no evidence to suggest that they misbehave more frequently. Similarly, and with much more severe consequences, statistics that show that police kill Black people at a far higher rate than whites, even when they are unarmed and have committed no crime, suggests that the misapplication of deviant labels as a result of racial stereotypes is at play. Once a person is labeled as deviant, it is extremely difficult to remove that label. The deviant person becomes stigmatized as a criminal or deviant and is likely to be considered, and treated, as untrustworthy by others. The deviant individual is then likely to accept the label that has been attached, seeing himself or herself as deviant, and act in a way that fulfills the expectations of that label. Even if the labeled individual does not commit any further deviant acts than the one that caused them to be labeled, getting rid of that label can be very hard and time-consuming. For example, it is usually very difficult for a convicted criminal to find employment after release from prison because of their label as ex-criminal. They have been formally and publicly labeled a wrongdoer and are treated with suspicion likely for the remainder of their lives. Critiques of Labeling Theory One critique of labeling theory is that it emphasizes the interactive process of labeling and ignores the processes and structures that lead to deviant acts. Such processes might include differences in socialization, attitudes, and opportunities, and how social and economic structures impact these. The second critique of labeling theory is that it is still not clear whether or not labeling has the effect of increasing deviant behavior. Delinquent behavior tends to increase following conviction, but is this the result of labeling itself as the theory suggests? It is very difficult to say, since many other factors may be involved, including increased interaction with other delinquents and learning new criminal opportunities. Further Reading Crime and Community  by Frank Tannenbaum (1938)Outsiders  by Howard Becker (1963)The Colonizer and the Colonized  by Albert Memmi (1965)Human Deviance, Social Problems and Social Control  by Edwin Lemert (1967)Learning to Labour: How Working Class Kids Get Working Class Jobs  by Paul Willis (1977)Punished: Policing the Lives of Black and Latino Boys  by Victor Rios (2011) Identity  andWomen Without Class: Girls, Race by Julie Bettie (2014)

Cancer Pain in End of Life Cancer Patients Essay

Cancer Pain in End of Life Cancer Patients - Essay Example This will be considered a supplementary strategy to the existing official request process. I will also need support from my peers particularly in project review and data collection. I will also need to describe the significance of the project to my peers in order to win their support. Current Problem/ Deficit Pain treatment is a significant aspect in the end of life care. Different people develop different pain symptoms and hence the need for differentiated pain management strategies. Unfortunately, the current pain management strategies concentrate on pain symptoms rather than the source of pain. For example, a doctor will concentrate on symptoms of pain such as headache and backache, rather than the actual cause of the pain. The second issue relates to the definition and scope of pain. The mainstream pain management strategies underestimate the significance of other dimensions of pain such as social and spiritual pain. A comprehensive pain management strategy needs to incorporate t he other aspects of pain. The project proposes a standardized scale to assess pain, using four basic approaches to pain relief, which include: modify the source(s) of pain(s), alter the central perception of pain, modulate transmission of pain to the central nervous system and block transmission of pain to the central nervous system (Ferrel, Levy and Paice, 2008, p.577). Moreover the project proposes an interdisciplinary intervention integrating â€Å"physical, physiological, social and spiritual well-being of the patient so that the patient experiences comfort and dignity at the end of life. The process will involve counseling and use of pain relieving medication. Medication is primarily intended to relieve physiological pain without inflicting additional... The paper throws light on pain treatment as a significant aspect in the end of life care. Different people develop different pain symptoms and hence the need for differentiated pain management strategies. Unfortunately, the current pain management strategies concentrate on pain symptoms rather than the source of pain. For example, a doctor will concentrate on symptoms of pain such as headache and backache, rather than the actual cause of the pain. The second issue relates to the definition and scope of pain. The mainstream pain management strategies underestimate the significance of other dimensions of pain such as social and spiritual pain. A comprehensive pain management strategy needs to incorporate the other aspects of pain. The project proposes a standardized scale to assess pain, using four basic approaches to pain relief, which include: modify the source(s) of pain(s), alter the central perception of pain, modulate transmission of pain to the central nervous system and block t ransmission of pain to the central nervous system. Moreover the project proposes an interdisciplinary intervention integrating â€Å"physical, physiological, social and spiritual well-being of the patient so that the patient experiences comfort and dignity at the end of life. The process will involve counseling and use of pain relieving medication. Medication is primarily intended to relieve physiological pain without inflicting additional complications on the patient.

Overweight in a Pre-School Population Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Overweight in a Pre-School Population - Essay Example The effectiveness of the social campaigns just as the name suggests relies on the ability of the campaigns to recruit numerous participants thus curbing the trend in the society.   Let’s take on child obesity: one step at a time is an appropriate example social marketing campaign that strives to curb the prevalence of childhood obesity in Europe while promoting specific products. In the campaign, the marketers address specific factors that lead to childhood obesity thereby advising on the uptake of appropriate physical activities and diet that will help curb the negative prevalent. Childhood obesity is a vice, one that denies children appropriate childhood. Obesity makes children susceptible to numerous other diseases such as high blood pressure and diabetes. As such, curbing childhood obesity is a fundamental social role the government must undertake in order to improve the quality of life for the citizenry. Additionally, social problems often create a market for private investors as proprietors develop products and services that promise to improve the situation.   The same is the situation in this context as Safefood a commercial organization that sells food products decide to capitalize on the situation thereby developing a substantial market for its products. The company, therefore, develops the Let’s take on child obesity: one step at a time campaign in order to market its products while addressing the social problem. The campaign addresses specific issues that will help curb the prevalence of childhood obesity. The developers of the campaign observe specific policies thus developing an appropriate campaign, one that addresses the specific issues illustriously. The campaign, for example, proposes at least sixty minutes of play.  

Similar Triangles Project Essay Example for Free

Similar Triangles Project Essay Introduction: In this project, I found the height of an object I chose based on how tall one of my partners is, how far away she is from the mirror, and how far the mirror was from the base of one of the objects. From there I set up a proportion and solved for X. X represented the unknown height of the chosen object. Once I figured this out I then converted to feet and compared that to my partners height to see if it was a reasonable or realistic height. Two-Column Proof: |Statements |Reasons | |The triangles are right triangles |Given—Mr. Visser told us that we can assume this | |Triangles are similar |If there exists a correspondence between the vertices of two | | |triangles such that two angles of one triangle are congruent to | | |the corresponding angles of the other, then the triangles are | | |similar. | Conclusion: In this project I learned that you can prove similarity in triangles even if you don’t know all of the angle measures and side measures. I thought it was interesting how in all of my objects my estimation on ratio’s from Dannie to the object, were usually fairly close to what it actually was. I liked in this project how we got to chose the things that we measure so there is variability between each group’s projects. One obstacle I ran into was the two column proof because at first I just couldn’t think of how to start, then I just tried the first thing that came to mind, and it ended up helping.

President Nixon and the Vietnam War Essay -- Vietnam War Essays

The politics of the ultratight resonated deeply with Richard Nixon. Nixon had cut his political teeth as a young Red-hunting member of the House Un-American Activities Committee in the 1950s. His home district in Orange Country, California, was widely known as a Birch Society stronghold. The Los Angeles-area Birch Society claimed the membership of several political and economic elites, including members of the Chandler family, which owned and published the Los Angeles Times. According to the writer David Halberstam (1979, 118) the Times, which was once described as â€Å"the most rabid Labor-bating, Red-hating paper in the United States,† virtually created Richard Nixon. Nixon’s approach to the war was Birchesque. He campaigned for president in 1968 as a peace candidate by pointing out that he had been raised as a Quaker and promising to bring the troops home. His path to peace, however, entailed an escalated war. After his election as president, he unleashed a ferocious air assault on the Vietnamese and extended the ground war into Laos and Cambodia. When the anti-war movement criticized these measures, Nixon did what any Bircher would do: he decried the anti-war movement as a communist conspiracy that was prolonging the war and that deserved to be treated as an internal security threat. The Nixon-Agnew Strategy: Smash the Left, Capture the Center The origin of the myth of spat-upon Vietnam veterans lies in the propaganda campaign of the Nixon-Agnew administration to counter the credibility of the anti-war movement and prolong the war in Southeast Asia. Nixon had won election as peace candidate, but he was also committed to not being the first American president to lose a war. It was a contradictory agenda. When the Vietnaame... ...of the struggle over how the war would be remembered. Blanketed by the discourse of disability, the struggle over the memory of veterans and the country alike would be waged with such obliquity as to surpass even the most veiled operations of Nixon’s minions. While Nixon’s plumbers were wrenching together the Gainesville case against VVAW in the spring of 1972, mental health and news-media professionals were cobbling together the figure of the mentally incapacitated Vietnam veteran. More than any other, this image is the one that would stick in the minds of the American people. The psychologically damaged veteran raised a question that demanded an answer: what happened to our boys that was so traumatic that they were never the same again? As it came to be told, the story of what happened to them had less to do with the war itself than with the war against the war.

Frederick Douglass Essay

Frederick Douglass was a United States abolitionist, journalist, lecturer, who escaped slavery and urged other blacks to do likewise before and during the American Civil War. As a forceful and eloquent orator and a writer of inspiring prose, he was probably emancipation in the 19th century. Frederick Douglass conceived of freedom for blacks note merely as the abolition of slavery but also as their advancement in social and economic status. He saw the black cause as part of a broad struggle to advance human rights for all people, and thus was a strong supporter of woman suffrage. The purpose of this paper is to know the life of Frederick Douglass and be aware of his contributions and importance to our history. II. Discussion A. Who is Frederick Douglass? Frederick Augustus Washington bailey was born in February 1817 in Tuckahoe, Maryland. His father was a white man; his mother, a black slave named Harriet Bailey. As a young boy, he worked for a time as a house servant in Baltimore, Maryland. His mistress, a Northerner, taught him a little of reading and writing. Later, he was put to work in the fields and then in the Baltimore shipyards. He was often treated cruelty for his resistance to slavery, and he was determined to be free. â€Å"I wish myself a beast, a bird, anything rather than a salve,† he said. Poor treatment instilled in him a hatred of slavery; he failed in an attempt to escape in 1836. But two years later, in 1838, he escaped from slavery and settled in New Bedford, Massachusetts, where he changed his name from Bailey to Douglass. He was largely self-educated and in 1841, he joined the Massachusetts Anti-Slavery Society. B. His contributions and importance At an abolitionist meeting of the Massachusetts Anti-Slavery Society in Nantucket, he made his first public speech and related his slave experiences, and for the next four years, despite many indignities, he lectured throughout the East for antislavery groups. His audience was deeply moved by the tall young man’s story. From then on Douglass became a leader in the antislavery cause and became one of the abolitionist movement’s most effective public speakers. Moreover, his speeches in the following years in the northern states and his works for the Underground Railroad did much to further the cause of the abolitionists and made his name a symbol of freedom and achievement among whites and blacks alike. So impressive were Frederick Douglass’ oratorical and intellectual abilities that opponents refused to believe he had been a slave and alleged that he was an impostor foisted on the public by abolitionist. To answer doubters that he had ever been a slave, he wrote an autobiography in 1845, The Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, An American Slave—which he revised in later years, in final form, it appeared in 1882 under the title Life and Times of Frederick Douglass—which revealed his master’s identity and endangered Douglass’ liberty. In the same year, the tall, handsome, and articulate Douglass, at the urging of his friends, went to England to escape the danger of seizure under the fugitive slave laws. His lectures in the British Isles on the slavery question in the United States aroused sympathy for the abolitionists’ cause and prompted his admirers to raise funds to purchase his freedom. After returning to the United States in 1847, Douglass became the â€Å"station-master and conductor’ of the Underground Railroad in Rochester, New York where for 17 years he published and established an antislavery and abolitionist newspaper North Sta r—it also supported women’s rights, a cause that Douglass championed from his participation in the first women’s rights convention in 1848—which he edited until 1860. Moreover, he gradually broke with William Lloyd Garrison’s â€Å"moral suasionist† policy and became a political abolitionist, ultimately supporting the Republican Party. In addition, during these years, Frederick Douglass became friendly with the American abolitionist John Brown and was given a hint of Brown’s strategy of destroying â€Å"the money value of slave property† by training a force of men to help large numbers of slaves escape to freedom in the North via the Underground Railroad. In other words, he used his lecture fees to aid fugitive slaves and headed the Rochester station of the Underground Railroad. He was forced by a lack of funds to abandon his scheme for an industrial college for Negroes. Despite his opposition to the Harpers Ferry raid, Douglass Fled to Canada because he had raised money for the ventures of his friend and confidant John Brown. When Frederick Douglass learned on the eve of the raid on Harper’s Ferry in 1859 that it was Brown’s intention to seize the federal arsenal there, he objected warning Brown that an attack on the arsenal would be tantamount to an assault on the U. S. government and would prove disastrous, Douglass withdrew from further participation. After the raid, fearing reprisals by the government, Frederick Douglass fled to Europe, where he stayed for six months. On his return to the United States, he campaigned for Abraham Lincoln during the presidential for Abraham Lincoln during the presidential election of 1860 and, following the outbreak of the Civil War, helped raise two regiments of black soldiers, fought for enactment of the 13th , 14th, and 15th Amendments of the United States Constitution. He became United States marshal for the District of Columbia (1877-81), recorder of deeds for the District of Columbia (1881-86), and United States minister to Haiti (1889-91). He died in Washington, D. C. on February 20, 1895. Furthermore, he was able to write other memoirs, My Bondage and My Freedom (1855) and Life and Times of Frederick Douglass (1881). III. Conclusion In conclusion, Frederick Douglass is truly an important personality in the history of United States because his experiences become an eye-opener to those people who abuse and those people who are abused. He fights for equality and freedom of the slaves and thanks to him because if not of his braveness, maybe up to now, slavery continues. He never withholds himself to speak up in spite of the fact that his life is at stake. Many people, especially those who are in the government, do not like what they hear from Douglass yet he continues to seek liberty for the blacks. He awakens the â€Å"deep-sleep† Blacks that it is about time to live freely and enjoy the privileges as citizen of the country. Reference: 1. Brewton, Vince (2005). â€Å"Bold Defiance Took Its Place†-â€Å"Respect† and Self- Making in Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave. The Mississippi Quarterly, Vol. 58. 2. Connery, William S. (2003). Proud Lion of Baltimore – the Life and Legacy of Frederick Douglass. World and I, Vol. 18. 3. Horton, Lois E. (2001). Radical Passion: Ottilie Assing’s Reports from America and Letters to Frederick Douglass. American Studies International, Vol. 39. 4. Scott, Neil (1999). An Alliance between Two Giants: Frederick Douglass Turns from Critic to Adviser, Friend of Abraham Lincoln. The Washington Times.

Chocolate in the Ivory Coast

In countries like Burkina Faso, Ghana, Togo, and Mali children are sent away from their families to cocoa farms in exchange for promised money and other useful items for their family. Families will â€Å"send their children to work†, or basically sell, them for promised goods that are usually never received. Even though it is not slavery, there are still many moral problems with the cocoa farming. The children work long hours, in dangerous conditions, for usually nothing more than a bed to sleep in and minimal food to eat.Children from these poor countries are sent to The Ivory Coast in search of skills that will help them in life or help their family, but most of the time they are just taken advantage of. Cocoa farming in The Ivory coast is morally and ethically wrong because the children are taken advantage of and they are forced into a type of â€Å"slavery† The children that are taken from countries like Burkina Faso, Ghana, Togo, and Mali are severely taken advanta ge of for many reasons.First of all, they are promised goods in exchange for their service that most of the time are not delivered or provided. Most of the time these services are just ploys to take these children into â€Å"slavery†. Most children go to work at the farms under the impression that they will learn skills or jobs that they can use to help their family. Most of the time the only skill they learn is how to pick and cut open cocoa beans.As well as being taken advantage of, the children are also forced into hard work that is only slightly different from slave labor. The hours are horribly long, and they rarely get breaks so they basically work all day. The conditions are dangerous, as the children are using sharp machetes in dense fields, and can often cut themselves or other workers. They are not paid, but work only for a bed to sleep in and a small amount of food.It is also seldom to find children that leave the farms because they do not know where to go or what to do. The small food and bed they get is better than starving on the streets for many of them. To conclude, the process of using child labor to farm cocoa in the ivory coast is a very labor intensive and dangerous process that children should not be doing. Families send their children to work at the farms and most of the time the children do not leave. This process violates several moral and ethical standards, and needs to be changed.

Abortion Problem Solving Project essays

Abortion Problem Solving Project essays Every year, throughout the world, there are an estimated 36 to 53 million abortions performed. Of these, only about 26 to 31 million are legal (King 158). Further, in the U.S. alone, nearly one-third of all pregnancies end in abortion. Abortion, to say the least, is a controversial topic in todays society and has been for the last two decades. Two opposing sides emerge from this problem: Those opposed to abortion, Pro-life, have concerns about protecting human life. On the other hand, those in favor of abortion, Pro-choice, feel it is the right of the individual to make the decision for themselves. A 1996 Gallup poll showed that 83% of Americans were in favor of a womans right to choose. However, in 1998, a similar poll showed that while the majority of Americans were still pro-choice, they felt that an abortion should be harder to get. In the last 2 decades, abortion has become a growing target for criticism as well as acceptance in todays changing society. There has been much controversy as to what abortion should be considered as- life or death. Should it be a choice, or should it be the equivalent of murder? In the context of defining abortion, there has been many stipulations as to what constitutes abortion- when does life inside the whom actually begin? When dealing with such a sensitive topic as abortion, in which there are in fact two extremely diverse viewpoints, it is difficult to present a sensible answer to the way it should be. In the best of all possible worlds women should be able to live their lives in the way that suits them best. Society places heavy opinions on women who have had or are planning to have abortions; this in turn has an impact on the well being of the woman. Secondly, women are placed in a very dif ...

Facts About the Element Fermium

Facts About the Element Fermium Fermium is a heavy, man-made radioactive element on the periodic table. Here is a collection of interesting facts about this metal: Fermium Element Facts Fermium is named for the physicist Enrico Fermi.Fermium is the heaviest element that may be made from neutron bombardment of lighter elements.The element is one of those discovered in the products from the  first hydrogen bomb test at Eniwetok Atoll, the Marshall Islands in 1952. For security reasons, the discovery was not announced until 1955. The discovery is credited to  Albert Ghiorsos group at the University of California.The discovered isotope was Fm-255. which has a  half-life 20.07 hours. The most stable isotope that has been produced is Fm-257, with a half-life of 100.5 days.Fermium is a synthetic transuranium element. It belongs to the actinide element group.Although samples of fermium metal have not been produced for study, it is possible to make a fermium and ytterbium alloy. The resulting metal is shiny and silver-colored.The usual oxidation state of fermium is Fm2, although the Fm3 oxidation state also occurs.The most common fermium compound is fermium chloride, F mCl2.Fermium does not exist naturally in the Earths crust. However, its natural production was once seen from the decay of a sample of einsteinium. At present, there are no practical uses of this element. Fermium or Fm Chemical and Physical Properties Element Name: FermiumSymbol: FmAtomic Number: 100Atomic Weight: 257.0951Element Classification: Radioactive Rare Earth (Actinide)Discovery: Argonne, Los Alamos, U. of California 1953 (United States)Name Origin: Named in honor of the scientist Enrico Fermi.Melting Point (K): 1800Appearance: radioactive, synthetic metalAtomic Radius (pm): 290Pauling Negativity Number: 1.3First Ionizing Energy (kJ/mol): (630)Oxidation States: 3Electronic Configuration: [Rn] 5f12 7s2 References Los Alamos National Laboratory (2001)Crescent Chemical Company (2001), Langes Handbook of Chemistry (1952) CRC Handbook of Chemistry Physics (18th Ed.)

Life Lessons From The Brady Bunch Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Life Lessons From The Brady Bunch - Essay Example It not only generates new ideas and values but also transmits them to the younger generation. The family is the basic unit of society. In our contemporary society, we find many television programs involving families in different settings in different situations. One can say that almost all the possible issues and predicaments have been portrayed in the screen. For an inquisitive mind such as mine, it becomes interesting to find out how these shows affect the general public. In this study, our attempt will be to examine the relationship between a television program- The Brady Bunch - and its implications to the viewing public. I will be primarily concerned in determining to what degree The Brady Bunch has served as a mirror for society and a medium for transformation or conformity. The concept of "The Brady Bunch" started back in 1966 when Sherwood Schwartz (the creator and producer of the show) heard that somewhere between 20-30% of all families had at least one child from a previous marriage. He wrote a 30-minute pilot episode about a blended family; a man with three boys marries a lady with three girls and in the end they all go on the honeymoon together. He also had prepared several story ideas about the kids and their growing-pains and problems arising due to the new living situation. (Moran, 1992) Moran (1992) further relates that when the s... Yet, the program stands as one of the most important sitcoms of American 1970s television programming, spawning numerous other series on all three major networks, as well as records, lunch boxes, a cookbook, and even a stage show and feature film. The decided emphasis of the series on the Brady children made it very popular among younger audiences. ABC capitalized on this appeal, programming the show early on Friday evenings. This popularity also resulted in various attempts to create other profitable spin-off products: "The Brady Kids," a pop rock group (patterned on "The Archies" and "The Partridge Family"), a Saturday morning cartoon called The Brady Kids (1972-74), and regular appearances of the young actors and actresses (particularly Maureen McCormick and Christopher Knight), in teen fan magazines. Bellefante (1995) also relates that following its initial network run, The Brady Bunch became inordinately popular in rerun syndication. This success can be attributed in part to children's afternoon-viewing patterns. Often programmed as a daily "strip" in after-school time periods, the show found new viewers who had not previously seen the series. The age distribution of the cast may have created appeal among a range of young viewers, and as they aged they were able to take a more ironic viewing stance toward the entertainment of their childhood. The ongoing success of the Brady characters has continually brought them back to television. The Brady Bunch Hour, produced by Sid and Marty Krofft from 1976-1977 on ABC, had the family hosting a vividly-colored disco-oriented variety series. The Brady Brides, on NBC in 1981, was a half-hour sitcom about Marcia and Jan as they dealt with their new husbands and the trials of being married. In December 1988, CBS aired the

United States Uniform Personnel Identification System Thesis

United States Uniform Personnel Identification System - Thesis Example the world – the United States of America, with her idealism of liberty and equality inviting all, has to strengthen the security systems deemed to be the best and path-breaking by pioneering the use of exclusive Identity Cards, Biometrics and Microchip Implants for all her citizens – thus upholding the urgent mission of Homeland Security â€Å"to lead the unified national effort to secure the country and preserve our freedoms†. The advancement of technology and multi-faceted information system, as has ushered in a hi-tech futuristic era in the history of the Human race, it has also indulged in cryptic criminological affairs. This has necessitated a supremely secured, safe and sophisticated identification and access control methodologies thus strengthening screening specifications to protect sensitive information with a vision to shield the Nation against any covert intervention and activity. Thus in the foreseeable future United States of America can plan to build up a more protected networked society by the introduction of revolutionary human identity recognition systems. This unique personnel identification model can be based on broadly three factors, namely, introduction of single ID Card, implementation of biometric distinguisher and microchip implant identifier for each and every US citizen. This thesis proposes to strategize and explore on the broad spectrum of implementing this classified recognition system for American Citizens – its implications, the advantages, hindrances, legal aspects, process and period of introducing this system and long term prospects. This study will also formulate the development of a dedicated, stand-alone department within the US Department of Homeland Security to execute and monitor the above-mentioned security setup. United States of America, the pinnacle of power and prosperity supplemented by ideal illustration of liberty, equality and fraternity, has been the target of worst terrorist attacks in the history of

Assignment 5, Biology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Assignment 5, Biology - Essay Example Control centre, contains genetic material (DNA & RNA) responsible for the formation of various cellular proteins responsible to carryout diverse functions for metabolism and survival of the cell. Plays imperative role in cell division. Porous nuclear membrane aids in transport of various components In animals it is the membrane separating internal cellular composition from the external environment, an osmotic membrane maintains osmotic gradient, protein molecules present in the membrane aids in transport of various substance. 3. You have compared the eukaryotic cell structure of animal and plant cells. Which of the other Kingdoms have eukaryotic cells? Using Internet sources and your text, find out how eukaryotic cells in these kingdoms differ from the plant and animal cells. Kingdom Fungi and Kingdom Protista also contain eukaryotic cells. Fungi are like plants as they are fixed and produce spores but they differ from plants in their mode of nutrition. Plants are multicellular prepare their food and are autotrophs, while fungi is also single or multicellular but is sparotroph. Kingdom protista contain unicellular organisms which are microscopic and possess well defined nucleus. They use pseudopodium or cilia or flagella for locomotion instead of appendages as in animal

The Industrial Training Experience Accounting Essay

The Industrial Training Experience Accounting Essay Lawrence Wong Co. was established in 1986 before the Malaysian economic recession in 1987. It has established itself as a recognized Management Consultancy Firm specializing in all kinds of management and consultancy services, including corporate secretarial, administrative, bookkeeping, auditing, taxation, business or financial planning and other management allied services. The company was founded by Mimi Gian Guek Poh and Lawrence Wong Fook Heng, both are Chartered Accountants from Australia. The business started as a sole proprietor on 6th August 1965 as an employment agency and was converted into a private limited company on 16th February 1986. As an associate member of the CPA Australia, the Malaysia Institute of Accountants, and The Institute of Secretaries and Administrators, Mimi Gian, my company supervisor, draws on more than 25 years of audit, management, secretarial, taxation, information system and corporate advisory experience in international and multinational corporations in Australia, Singapore, and Malaysia. Lawrence Wong Cos success today depends heavily on the confidence and trust their clientele have with them and also due to their dedicated workforce who has been continuously contributing their efforts to the overall success of the firms nearly 20 years of services. The company hopes to continue to expand its business by providing quality and reliable services in Malaysia as well as internationally. 1.2 Industrial Training Experience Industrial Training is one of the compulsory subjects in all Faculty of Business and Finance Programmes course structures. It is compulsory for every final year undergraduate to undergo industrial training for the duration of three months before completing their courses. With the combination of knowledge and work experience during the three months training, students are required to produce a written report. The objective of industrial training is to provide an opportunity for students to observe real life practices and develop their understanding of methods and applications of the accounting theoretical and conceptual framework in a real working environment. Additionally, the training program also provides an opportunity for the industry to identify potential employees from the industrial trainees. I joined Lawrence Wong Co on 1st October until 31st December 2012. During these three months of industrial training I was involved in bookkeeping, auditing, taxation and the companys secretarial function. This was a good opportunity for me to learn more about the business . Because of this, I can now apply my accounting knowledge to the real world, such as accounts entry, auditing and so on. At first my company supervisor discussed with our colleagues my tasks , after that only my colleagues assigned tasks to me. My company supervisor only gave me tasks after I had completed the work that was assigned by my colleagues. When I faced some problems that I have never encountered before, I discussed with my company supervisor and colleagues together to solve the problems. Luckily they treated me well and taught me with patience. Therefore, I increased my knowledge of accounting, auditing, and taxation from my company supervisor and colleagues. CHAPTER 2 SCOPE OF TRAINING 2.1 Statutory audit When I arrived on my first day, my first task was to do a statutory audit. Statutory audit is part of an in-house audit. Whilst I was doing this, I needed to get information from the company secretary file, such as annual return, minutes of meeting, and SSM forms. My colleagues told me that use of some of the SSM forms needed recording, such as Form 24, 44, 49, 32A, and so on. If one of these forms are used, the auditor report needs to disclose the information, as well as statutory audit. For example, form 49 which is the form of return for directors, managers and secretaries. If this form is used, it means that the company has appointed a new director or an existing director has resigned or is deceased. Therefore, this kind of information must be included in an audit report and statutory audit. 2.2 Accounting data entry During this internship, I did a lot of accounting data entry, such as receipt and payment entries. In order to have a better understanding of the basis of accounting, my company supervisor assigned me to a lot of the companys account entry, using UBS Accounting System and Microsoft Excel. This was a test for me, whether my double entry transactions were posted correctly. I posted the entries in accordance with bank statements, payment vouchers, cheque books, and receipt books. After I had done, I printed out the general ledger, bank reconciliation statement, income statement, and balance sheet to give to my colleagues and company supervisor to review. 2.3 Bank Reconciliation Bank reconciliation statements are the important documents that need to be prepared every month. Bank reconciliation is the process which prepares a statement accounting for the differences between the cash balances in a companys cash account and the cash balance according to its bank statement (Roshayani Arshad, 2007). During my training period, I prepared this by using UBS Accounting System and Microsoft Excel. Some clients prepared bank reconciliation statements by themselves. Therefore, I needed to check whether the bank reconciliation statements that were prepared by clients were the same as my results. 2.4 Auditing During these three months, I not only did a lot of accounting data entry, I was also involved in auditing work. Firstly, I prepared statutory audits because this was the easier part. Next, I started to do audits working on paper, such as accounting journal entries, income statements, balance sheets, variances, tax computations, and other working papers including information related to assets, liabilities, taxation, revenue, and expenses. In addition, I had learnt how to prepare every detail of the working paper. After that, I prepared an audit report, confirmation letter, letter of representation (which is a summary of all accounts), and an audit memorandum planning. Once I had done this, my colleagues reviewed my work and asked me to amend errors, before it was passed to my company supervisor to review. Lastly, I filled in the Form C R after my company supervisor reviewed and confirmed that all working papers were correct. 2.5 Others tasks My company supervisor had asked me to make some payments, such as telephone bills, water and electricity bills, EPF, SOCSO, clients income tax payments, as well as banking some cheques. Before my company supervisor issued the cheques, I needed to prepare the payment vouchers and attach them with the invoice, delivery order, and other related statements. I also had to call the suppliers to collect the cheques. After the payments were made, I filed all of the documents in the payment voucher file. Other than that, my company supervisor also assigned me to prepare client companys stock list and check list. Stock list is a detailed list of the stocks available of a company while check list is prepared for checking the stocks. In addition, I had filed some documents and letters received from Inland Revenue Borad (IRB) into the clients files. I also sent out documents to clients, such as tax refund from IRB, audit reports and others documents. Furthermore, I had updated the client company tax control list. For this task, I had to record the date received for the Form C R 2012, financial year end, the latest audit report that had already been submitted, and the date of CP 204 to IRB. After I completed this, I prepared a latest list of client company and IRBs schedule of payment code. CHAPTER 3 KNOWLEDGE AND SKILLS APPLIED AND GAINED 3.1 Knowledge and Skills Applied 3.1.1 UBS Accounting System These accounting entries, which are receipt and payment entries, I had been taught during my studies how to complete using the UBS Accounting System. So, I had no problem when I posted these accounting entries into UBS Accounting System because it is same as what I have done before. For example, for the pay for travelling expenses, the entry is debit in travelling expenses and credit in bank or cash account, so this is called a double entry. Before I passed my work to the company supervisor to review, I double checked the entries. 3.1.2 Financial Accounting Financial Accounting Framework I and II are the compulsory subjects for accounting students. These two subjects teach us how to prepare the financial statements such as income statements, balances sheets, cash flow statements, and statements of changes in equity. These subjects were very useful for me to apply to my work. By using the knowledge that I learnt, I had completed my tasks with minor errors. 3.1.3 Taxation Taxation is another important subject for accounting students. I took this subject in Year 2 Trimester 3. During my training, I had to prepare tax computation for companies and individuals. Mostly I prepared tax computation for companies, because when I was doing client companies audit, I needed to prepare it as well. This subject was very useful to me because I could apply the knowledge that I learnt to prepare the tax computation, making it easier for me to complete the tasks. 3.2 Knowledge and Skills Gained 3.2.1 Auditing During my studies I found that auditing was a totally theoretical subject that is different from accounting and taxation subjects because it is not included in any calculation matter. I had the opportunity to complete audits on client companies during the three months of training. I completed many tasks relating to audits, such as audit working papers, statutory audit, audit report, and many more. 3.2.2 Information Technology Lawrence Wong Co. accounting software includes Microsoft Excel and UBS Accounting System. With the UBS Accounting System, I learnt how to key in double entry transactions and look through the financial statements during my study. I also learnt how to prepare the bank reconciliation statements by using this system, and to do year end processing, which is to close the current accounting year and switch to a new accounting year (Sage UBS Range of Software, 1991). Before I performed year end processing, I needed to ensure that all transactions were up to the last period, back up all of the data files, update all stock values, print all reports, and check that there was only one retained earnings account. After I completed this, the system would generate an all balance brought forward account and accumulated profit would be transferred to the retained earnings account. All transactions from period 1 to 12 will be removed. Furthermore, Lawrence Wong Co. used Microsoft Excel to prepare audit works. This was an advantage for me when I was doing the audit working papers as I could key in the amount and generate the formula fast, then the software would automatically calculate the final amount for me. I had also learnt how to adjust the paper margin and make it neat before I printed the working papers. Other than that, I learnt how to use new software, which was the UBS Inventory and Billing System. This system is a real time system that updates the stock immediately after entry. It also performs as an invoicing system whereby you can print out the invoice, credit note, debit note, and many more (Sage UBS Range of Software, 1991). During my training, I had prepared a list of every client companys secretarial and filing fee in Excel form. My colleague taught me how to check the latest invoices inside the UBS Inventory and Billing System. Therefore, I could check the invoices easily and key in the information quickly. CHAPTER 4 WEAKNESSES AND STRENGTHS 4.1 Weaknesses During the three months of industrial training, I faced a lot of problems that I had never encountered before as they were problems that I could not learn from books. This made me feel weak because sometimes I did not know which methods should be applied to solve the problems. At the beginning, I had spent most of time finishing the audit works because what I had learnt in university was theory, but the training was more focused on practical tasks. These tasks were quite different from what I had studied in text books and from lecture notes, so I was a bit confused when I prepared the audit works. I also faced problems when I was doing account entries. Before I started to key in receipts and payments into UBS Accounting System, I spent a lot time trying to understand the companys business transactions and concepts, because different companies may have different versions of these. After I keyed in all the transactions, I printed the general ledger, income statement, and balance sheet to give to my company supervisor to review. Unfortunately, my works were rejected by her because I did not key in the transactions and descriptions properly. Moreover, some of the clients did not provide enough financial information, such as details of income received, so I did not know exactly what those incomes were. In addition, I had difficulty in using my English language because the company mostly has English speaking clients. Sometimes the clients did not understand what I said, so I had to use Chinese language or Malay language to communicate with them. 4.2 Strengths During this internship, I learnt a lot and practiced my knowledge and concepts relating to accounting, auditing, and taxation. I have come across many new things and gained knowledge from my company supervisor and colleagues. I was able to use other languages to communicate with clients, such as Hokkien, Cantonese, and Malay. The reason for this is that some of the clients cannot speak English, they only know to speak their own language. Therefore, I was able to use these languages to communicate or discuss some matters with clients. I felt lucky that my company supervisor gave me the opportunity to practice my knowledge in her company. She always motivated me and taught me many new skills as a trainee, and also helped me to acquire new knowledge. Furthermore, she was also a very patient person. When I did not understand how to do the tasks that she has assigned, she was very patient in explaining to me the steps. Another strength was that my colleagues were willing to help me whenever I encountered problems. CHAPTER 5 CONCLUSION Through this training program, I have gained so much new knowledge and experience , improved my communication and computer skills, as well as learning how to adapt to working life quickly in a new atmosphere. It also prepared me to be more responsible for my actions and tasks in the future working life. Furthermore, I have covered knowledge of auditing, accounting, and taxation during my time spent inside the company. For the auditing part, I learnt how to prepare the audit program, confirmation letter, auditing working papers, and others. I also learnt how to key in the account entries properly by using UBS Accounting System and Microsoft Excel. For the taxation part, I learnt about how to prepare tax computation. All of the learning made me feel interested and challenged although it was stressful at times . I can conclude that the industrial training was well organized. My company supervisor and colleagues were caring and willing to teach me all of the working steps and concepts. With their guidance, I was able to do my tasks properly and apply the accounting knowledge that I had learnt in university into real working life. In conclusion, I have been trained to be prepared in facing the real working environment in the future and gained some ideas about the work flow of a company. I am pleased that I did my industrial training in Lawrence Wong Co. and thank my company supervisor and all colleagues for caring and giving me a chance to learn all of the work involved. I hope I can use my experience and knowledge that I gained further in my education.

Impact of the Great Depression on the Characters in Tillie Olsen’s nove

Impact of the Great Depression on the Characters in Tillie Olsen’s novel Yonnondio: From the Thirties The Great Depression of the 1930’s, which has been called the â€Å"invisible scar, the absent presence,† continues to impact American culture (Rabinowitz 17). The devastating effect of failed businesses, the dust bowl, farm foreclosures, and an unemployment rate of 30 percent reminds us that capitalism is fallible. Although we recall with humility this bleak period of our history, we seldom reflect on the plight of the Depression’s most vulnerable victims--the underpaid, uneducated working poor. In Yonnondio: From the Thirties, Tillie Olsen gives readers a searing personal account of a family struggling to escape, or at least manage, abject poverty. Their journey from a Wyoming mining town to a farm in South Dakota to a slaughterhouse in Omaha presents one disaster after another for the Holbrook family. Because of this cycle, they represent thousands of unsung heroes who struggled to survive and maintain a family unit during difficult times. Although the novel depicts the family’s struggle as a unit, three members emerge as the main characters. Trapped by lack of opportunity and a faltering self-image, Jim Holbrook works under subhuman conditions to provide for his family. His struggle demonstrates how patriarchal culture oppresses both men and women into ascribed roles based on impossible ideals. Anna, his wife, holds the family together with the meager resources brought in by her husband, who devalues her role because she is a woman and earns no money. As a result of this oppression, she grapples with her own identity, as motherhood and domestic responsibility limit her opportunities for personal fulfillment an... ...ieb, Annie. â€Å"A Writer’s Sounds and Silences.† The New York Times Book Review 31 March 1974: 5. Faulkner, Mara. Protest and Possibility in the Writings of Tillie Olsen. Charlottesville: University of Virginia, 1993. James, Elizabeth. â€Å"Written, They Reappear: Rereading Yonnondio.† Frontiers 18.3 (1997):141-45. Macpherson, Heidi Slettedahl. â€Å"Class-ifying Escape: Tillie Olsen’s Yonnondio.† Studies In Contemporary Fiction 41.3 (2000): 263. Orr, Elaine. â€Å"On the Side of the Mother: Yonnondio and Call It Sleep.† Studies in American Fiction 21.2 (1993): 209-15. Rabinowitz, Paula. Labor and Desire: Women’s Revolutionary Fiction in Depression America. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1991. Tyson, Lois. â€Å"Feminist Criticism.† Critical Theory Today: A User Friendly Guide. New York: Garland Publishing, 1999. 117-152.

Implementation Plan Research Essay

Founded in 1899, Harrison Keyes has been a leader in publishing business, scientific and technical information. Due to recent changes in the industry, and an attempt to revamp its former successes, the company is in the process of redefining itself in the market. One major change is transforming the sales market from a printed version of books to an e-book platform. (University of Phoenix, 2007) Primary focus is on developing a full service site. This paper will identify companies that have faced specific issues related to those identified in the Harrison Keyes scenario (University of Phoenix, 2007) and related to the concepts of enter concepts. For each company the paper will: discuss the following the issue identified in the scenario that is also facing the company, how the company responded to the issue, and outcomes of the company’s response to the issue. Additionally, the paper will provide an analysis that synthesizes the key findings. The analysis will identify the key course concepts and compare and contrast the practices of each company related to those concepts Research Summaries NASA NASA, being a government agency that utilizes the expertise of private firms  for many of its projects, has developed a very articulate request for proposal (RFP). Requirements and features must be in enough detail that contractors have a clear description of the final deliverable that will meet the customer’s needs. In most cases the RFP also specifies an expected format for the contractor’s bid proposal so the responses of different contractors can be fairly evaluated. (Gray & Larson, 2005, p 52) This is to avoid ambiguity and provide an even ground to start from. When comparing the utilization of a RFP with NASA and Friar Tuck (FT), one may note that if FT had implemented a RFP, many of the issues the organization is facing could have been alleviated. With FT, a RFP delivered to all vendors involved would have provided the starting blocks of the project. Each company would have an opportunity to bid on a project that best suites their needs and expertise. This way, when the selected project is under way, the involved parties have an active, vested interest in the success and outcome of the project. HKIA Hong Kong International Airport was built with the expectation that there would be a large volume of travelers and goods going in and out on a daily basis. As demands increased, the airport authorities had the competence to create a work breakdown structure (WBS). The early stages of developing the outline serve to ensure that all tasks are identified and that participants of the project have an understanding of what is to be done. Once the outline and its detail are defined, an integrated information system can be developed to schedule work and allocate budgets. This baseline information is later used for control. (Gray & Larson, 2005, p.99) If Friar Tuck had implemented a WBS, there would have been a clearer understanding of the deliverables, the costs associated with each deliverable, when each deliverable was due and who was responsible for ensuring that his or her assigned work was completed within the allotted timeframe. Because budget and tasks appeared to be important, FT found itself with the goal but lacking details of how to execute. Because HKIA  realized that their greatest assets are the passengers and cargo, the organization took great lengths to ensure that the daily business transactions were not disrupted and that the airport was able to meet the demands placed upon it by its customers, which include passengers and cargo. Project planning at Harrison-Keyes has progressed to develop a WBS which is being worked within their existing functional organizational structure. A status check on Harrison-Keyes’s tact to project management demonstrates difficulties with task completion and employee behaviors. Organizations that choose to manage projects within their current functional structure face uphill battles between the functional silos. Project management within existing functional organizational structures has known advantages and disadvantages. Advantages are no changes, flexibility, in-depth expertise and easy post-project transition. Disadvantages to managing projects in this manner are lack of focus, poor integration, slow, and lack of ownership (Gray & Larson, 2006, p. 58). Harrison-Keyes has alternatives to consider provided the pros and cons of managing projects within their existing functional structure and the United States Department of Defense provides a benchmark for consideration. Conflict with the authors at H-K has to be addressed for a successful transition to an e-publishing company. As a benchmark examination for H-K, the DOD is commonly faced with large and complex project implementations which are riddled with differences of opinion between the functional branches of the service, the Army, Navy, and Air Force. Three types of conflict were identified by the DOD case along with effective measures to counteract the friction. The DOD recognized three types of conflicts which hindered project implementation in a functional organization, which are 1) interpersonal-based conflict, 2) task-based conflict and 3) process-based conflict (Sutterfield, et al, 2006). In response to identifying three broad-based conflict classifications the DOD case study created effective strategies to address them while managing projects. Interpersonal-based conflicts within projects at the DOD are addressed with a strategy to compromise and build collaborative relationship to create win-win discussions between functional areas (Sutterfield, et al, 2006). Task-based conflict resolution relies on an effective project manager navigating aspects of stakeholder’s position, power or influence. As a project manager evaluates these factors a determination can be made to deploy a competing, collaborating, or compromise strategy to effectively manage the project (Sutterfield, et al, 2006). Process-based conflict resolution is more clear-cut due to the sequential requirements of projects. A heavier-handed approach towards stakeholders is required as less flexibility can be allowed in order to move the project forward. If flexibility is allowable within the project step a more collaborative approach can be considered (Sutterfield, et al, 2006). A second case study of Honeywell, Inc. provides H-K the possibility of determining is a process breakdown structure (PBS) is better suited than the currently developed work breakdown structure (WBS). First let us look at 10 lessons learned by Honeywell in the use of PBS and contrast the potential into Harrison-Keyes’s situation. It is important to note that both Honeywell and H-K are faced with a dramatic shift in their business strategy. Honeywell’s experience yielded 10 lessons when attempting to make radical change in an organization. The 10 lessons learned were (Paper, et al, 2001): People are the key enablers of change Question everything People need a systemic methodology to map processes Create team ownership and a culture of dissatisfaction Management attitude and behavior can squash projects Bottom-up or empowered implementation Redesign must be business-driven and continuous IT is a necessary, but not sufficient, enabler Set stretch goals Execution is the real difference between success and failure Similar to Harrison-Keyes’s competitive requirements to change from print publishing to e-publishing, Honeywell faced competitive pressures to reduce defects by 1000% and production cycle-time by 500%. Honeywell dramatically changed its method at project implementation within the organization to accomplish successful results. Honeywell eliminated project management by tasks and details (WBS) in favor of managing them by process-orientation (PBS). Honeywell learned two key lessons in project implementation of radical change. The first lesson learned through Honeywell’s project execution through PBS was execution separates high performers from less successful PBS projects. The second lesson learned by Honeywell involved the identification of the difficulty of change not being sufficient enough. A critical step was to change the vision of the organization to reflect the radical change (Paper, et al, 2001). In addition to these two lessons, Honeywell experiences the behavioral aspect of project management as H-K. Honeywell found that successful execution is dependent upon behavioral change. Behavioral change was found to be extremely difficult and required time to be successful. The need for time is often in conflict with the need for quick profits (Paper, et al, 2001). Middle management was found to be the most resistant to change because of their dedicated knowledge skill-set versus process skill-set. Strong training programs coupled with pay for performance plans to provide financial incentives helped Honeywell overcome this hurdle. PayPal and YouTube are two of the biggest success stories since the dotcom bubble burst sometime after the year 2000. For all of the companies’ success there has been a well publicized and scrutinized series of shortcomings and fallbacks that could have been avoided. Risk management practices would have prepared these companies for growth and expansion while building their brand and could have possibly eliminated the issues they face today. PayPal burst onto the ecommerce scene in 1999. The public was just beginning to embrace the idea of shopping for everyday goods and services online but were weary about giving personal information to strangers or having to repeatedly enter credit card information online. PayPal was able to offer consumers a simple web interface and piece of mind by storing that sensitive data and allowing buyers and sellers to seamlessly complete online transactions. The thought that the website would explode and be the defacto payment solution on the Internet did not cross the designers mind and the risk was not properly assessed. PayPal has lost many customers and has had to fight many lawsuits due to poor planning. Even now PayPal is struggling to catch up while meeting the demand for their service. This same lack of a contingency plan could doom H-K as they search for a firm to perform the digital formatting. YouTube has become one of the most visited websites on the Internet in just a few short years. While the designer can be proud for creating a forum for all things video, he too can be blamed for not creating a risk management plan. Allowing users to upload their own videos has opened the door to copy righted material being available on the website. The networks and studios are slow to embrace the sight as a way to increase brand awareness and have instead blamed YouTube for declining revenues and ratings. Entire movies have been made available on the website the same day they were released in theaters providing some credence to the argument against the site. Had YouTube made alliances with the studios and networks prior to allowing users to upload videos they could have avoided the problem altogether. This is another case of a business that did not properly mitigate and assess the risk and now face the threat of lawsuits. General Electric and Siemens have successfully dealt with the issues of a corporate culture that negatively affected their ongoing project structure as well as a culture that fostered individuality among the various departments. HK faces similar problems in that its culture is one of individualism and lack of accountability that has led to a lack of consensus among its leadership as to project management structures, organizational culture, and creating and communicating that culture throughout the organization. GE has created a corporate culture that is not individualized by department like HKs, but instead involves all members of the GE community, its management, its employees, and its customers. GE has also created a corporate culture that dismisses politics as a means to an end. Through the changes to culture and GE’s team approach they were able to organize projects as dedicated teams within functional organizations. Culture has a considerable affect on the success rate at HK as well. Their organization’s culture has affected their projects. HK has hired a new CEO, Meg McGill, to move them into the strategic direction of â€Å"all things digital.† However, nowhere in her emails and correspondence among HK’s leadership did she address the change in culture in order to affect her strategic business objectives. Meg needs to implement a change in corporate culture like that of the CEO of Siemens Klaus Klenfeld, who changed the corporate culture to one where â€Å"Everyone, including the boss, is accountable. We commit to something, and we deliver† (Ewing, Jack, 2007). In order to affect this, Klenfeld has had to deploy hard tactics. By implementing a changed culture that emphasizes accountability, project management structures will become more thorough and thought out. Organizational culture and structure influence project management more than HK realizes. Addressing the culture of HK to one of accountability will go a long way in formalizing project management structures such as organizing those projects through dedicated teams; organize projects within the functional organizations of HK; organizing projects within a matrix; or organizing projects within their network organizations. GE organized their projects through dedicated teams, Siemens’ organized by  deploying hard tactics within their functional organizations, and both implemented these project structures by changing their corporate culture. HK must take similar steps in order to realize their business objectives. When University of Phoenix decided to implement e-books into the on-line learning system, the management knew that they needed a corporate strategy and high quality project management. The lack of the above mentioned items meant costly lawsuits because a great deal of authors opposed the idea of e-books due to possible fraud and copyright violations. The company was not able to avoid lawsuits, but it was able to protect itself from future legal issue and establish ground for strong digital contend on the learning websites. It was made possible by clearly defined corporate strategy and project management: In the lawsuit, filed in U.S. District Court in Atlanta, Patrick G. McKeown, alleges that the Thomson Corporation and two of its subsidiaries sold a customized electronic version of his book Information Technology and the Networked Economy, to the _UNIVERSITY_ of _PHOENIX_ , which in turn has sold more than 23,000 copies to its students. (Mr. McKeown says an updated royalty statement he recently received shows that the actual number of copies sold by _PHOENIX_ is now about 45,000.) Thomson did not return telephone calls seeking comment. In a written statement, _PHOENIX_ said that it it honors intellectual-property rights of others, adding, â€Å"the _UNIVERSITY_ licensed its rights to use the textbook from a reputable, well-known publisher, that represented it had the appropriate rights to the book. (Chronicle of Higher Education, 2007). OnStar OnStar represent an example of Risk Response Development. OnStar provides wireless access to emergency and security services from General Motors vehicles. A great number of opponents were claiming that OnStar collect personal information and might use it for marketing and other purposes. The company did not try to refute the statement since the information is indeed collected: â€Å"You start [collecting] individual pieces of information that  seem benign,† he says. â€Å"But when you begin to combine bits of information it becomes less and less so.† White says OnStar, in storing data only in aggregate, is walking a fine line. â€Å"It is disingenuous to talk about aggregate data when you have the ability to differentiate it,† he says. There may not be a business case for creating individual profiles today, White adds, but there may be someday, and that’s when potential privacy violations will become a concern,† (CIO, 2006). The response of General Motors to the risk of having the idea of OnStar shot down due to the information collection, provoked the company to issue the results of the survey which indicated regardless of the above fact, a great number of drivers still choose OnStar: â€Å"It’s clear from the survey responses that women are looking for ways to enhance their peace of mind when driving — whether it’s a long-distance solo car trip, the daily commute to work, or simply ferrying kids to and from after school activities,† notes Chet Huber, OnStar President. â€Å"Ninety four percent of female subscribers say that OnStar provides peace of mind when they’re traveling alone; 87 percent of female subscribers say that OnStar provides that peace of mind when loved ones are traveling. And more than 70 percent of OnStar’s female subscribers tell us they prefer or will only purchase an OnStar equipped vehicle,† (OnStar, 2006). Researched Company Synopses Since its inception in 1958, NASA has accomplished many great scientific and technological feats in air and space. (NASA, 2007) With its continued research and development programs, the agency has provided a renewed interest in space, the planet and the environment in general. _Identified Issue_ NASA, in its quest to improve manned space exploration, began the Ares project. The project was initially created to develop a rocket that would enable astronauts to travel to the moon and eventually to the planet Mars. The organization needed assistance from private firms in the creation of the avionics unit that crew members would use to control navigation, guidance and other hardware (NASA, 2007). The organization needed to implement a process that would ensure that the winning contract go to the most qualified company. _Response to the Issue_ In order to ensure that the organization brings in a highly qualified private firm that knows exactly what NASA is looking for, the project team created a request for proposal. The issues covered included, but not limited to: 1. Synopsis of requirements and request for action 2. Statement of work (SOW) detailing the scope and major deliverables 3. Deliverable specifications/requirements, features, and tasks 4. Responsibilities–vendor and customer 5. Project timetable 6. Costs and payment schedule 7. Type of contract 8. Experience and staffing 9. Evaluation criteria (Gray & Larson, 2005, p. 52) _Outcome_ The organization, after interviewing and investigating several well qualified firms, hired the Boeing Company to provide support for both design and  production. Crew transportation to the International Space Station is planned to begin no later than 2014. The first lunar excursion is scheduled for the 2020 timeframe. (NASA, 2007) In 1998, the Hong Kong International Airport was opened. The construction took 6 years and cost upwards of $20 Billion USD. Although constructed under British Colonial rule, the airport began operations under Chinese law. As the world’s fifth busiest international passenger airport and most active worldwide air cargo operation, HKIA sees nearly 800 aircraft take off and land every day. (Hong Cong Airport, 2002) _Identified Issue_ As business increased at the airport, the ramp-handling operations began to experience delays. Aircraft ramp handling refers to services on the ramp for an aircraft. It includes loading and unloading of baggage, air cargo and air mail onto the aircraft, and transportation between the aircraft and the passenger terminal, air cargo terminals and the air mail centre. In addition, ramp handling services cover preparation for delivery onto aircraft of bulk baggage and baggage containers, aircraft loading bridge operation, and passenger stairs operation. (Hong Kong Airport, 2002) The airport needed a solution that would not impact the daily operations of the facilities. _Response to the Issue_ The HKIA leadership team decided to implement a wireless-enabled ramp management solution, which would enables control room staff to monitor the entire airport using computer terminals, links to airport-specific databases and existing IT infrastructure, as well as covers finance and accounting. (Hewlett Packard, 2003) In order to roll out the project, a work breakdown structure needed to be implemented. This allowed the team to align itself with the scope, define deliverables, create work packages, and assign specific duties to all involved. _Outcome_ The wireless-enabled ramp management solution integration was completed without incident, as far as daily airport activities were concerned. The ability to apply the technology into the existing wired network infrastructure meant that employees had options in accessing data, and performing their duties. Ramp workers are able to receive current operational information, more efficient utilization of employees throughout the facility, increase security through more accurate recording, and the ramp-handling operations has been able to keep up ith demands. (Hewlett Packard, 2003) _Identified Issue: Defining the elements of a project – Process Breakdown Structure (PBS)_ When an organization faces projects to produce tangible outcomes, such as design and building, WBS is an ideal way to attack them. When radical change in an organization is needed through a series of steps or phases, PBS is best suited to complete the project (Gray & Larson, 2006). Harrison-Keyes is striving for a radical change in transitioning the operation from print publishing to e-publishing. Honeywell, Incorporated serves as an example for Harrison-Keyes to benchmark as a similar radical change faced Honeywell in 1989. Harrison-Keyes should note that to drive transformational change as Honeywell accomplished then a PBS approach over a WBS should be considered. Honeywell began to experience lagging performance results in its industrial automation and control (IAC) business unit. Global competition was requiring manufacturing firms to operate more efficiently than ever before while maintaining high levels of quality. Customers from around the world ranging from refineries, chemical plants and paper mills purchased Honeywell’s TDC 3000X system to achieve world-class process control capability. Defects, production cycle-time and materials management had to be improved to remain competitive (D. Paper, J. Rodger & P. Pendarker, 2001). _Response to the Issue_ As a result of lagging performance a world-class -manufacturing (WCM) program was undertaken over a three-year period. Radical improvement measures were established to reduce defects by 1000% and production cycle-time by 500% (Paper, et al, 2001). To accomplish these revolutionary results Honeywell focused on processes and not detailed tasks. Multi-skilled workers in charge of building entire products or modules were favored over individual workers in a functional department. Resources were assigned to processes over individual tasks and factories were shut down for an intensive 6-hour training session with the need for radical change emphasized (Paper, et al, 2001). Employee motivation was instituted through pay for performance plans which were tied to salaried workers performance reviews. Through Honeywell’s PBS experience 10 key lessons of success were identified but two of them were identified as most critical to the outcome. _Outcome_ The two most critical lessons learned the Honeywell’s adaptation of radical change through PBS were 1) execution separates high performers from less successful PBS projects and 2) identification of the difficulty of change is not sufficient enough. The vision of the organization must change to reflect radical change (Paper, et al, 2001). The Honeywell PBS experience found that execution that is dependent upon behavioral change is extremely difficult and requires time to be successful. This is often in direct conflict with an organization’s requirements for quick profits and impatience (Paper, et al, 2001). Honeywell found the largest obstacle to successfully implementing via a PBS method was middle management resistance. Employees in middle management positions were notorious for being experts in their specific areas and the transition to a process expert over a specific functional area proved difficult to accomplish. With strong training programs and incentives, Honeywell overcame this hurdle and was eventually successfully in transforming the organization. _Identified Issue – Project Management Structure within a Functional  Organization_ Organizations often approach project management through their existing functional hierarchy and Harrison-Keyes is no different as it proceeds towards its adaptation to e-publishing. When organizations choose to adapt project management within their existing hierarchical structure they accept the disadvantages of this choice, which are lack of focus, poor integration, slowness, and lack of ownership (Gray & Larson, 2006). Similar to Harrison-Keyes, the Department of Defense (DOD) operates project management within a functional hierarchy with a dedicated project manager coordinating traffic. In a case study of the DOD project, Light Amphibian Heavy-Lift (LAMP-H), the disadvantages parallel Harrison-Keyes’s situation. The DOD’s experience serves as a benchmark for failure of project management within a functional organization and proposes a model to offset the issues that are encountered. _Response to the Issue_ Managing projects in the DOD has been described as the most complex process and the most difficult to manage under the best circumstances (J. Sutterfield, S. Friday-Stroud & S. Shivers-Blackwell, 2006). The Navy, Army, and Air Force compromise a formidable functional structure to navigate when coordinating projects. In the case of the LAMP-H project, three types of conflicts were identified in hindering the project, 1) interpersonal-based conflict, 2) task-based conflict and 3) process-based conflict (Sutterfield, et al, 2006). In response to identifying three broad-based conflict classifications the DOD case study created effective strategies to address them while managing projects. _Outcome_ Interpersonal-based conflict within the LAMP-H project was addressed with a strategy to compromise and build collaborative relationships. When the Army, Navy, and Air Force created win-win discussions all details of the LAMP-H project were agreed upon which resulted in a successful outcome of the  project (Sutterfield, et al, 2006). Task-based conflict resolution strategy is dependent upon the project manager and stakeholder’s position, power or influence. As a project manager evaluates these factors a determination can be made to deploy a competing, collaborating, or compromise strategy to effectively manage the project (Sutterfield, et al, 2006). Process-based conflict resolution cannot be influenced by a project manager because of the sequential requirements of a project. In other words, a step has to occur in its proper order for the project to proceed. This affords a heavier-handed approach towards stakeholders as less flexibility can be allowed in order to move the project forward. Because of this constraint, a competitive strategy to resolve conflict can be deployed. If flexibility is allowable within the project step a more collaborative approach can be considered (Sutterfield, et al, 2006). Successful conflict management within a project managed within a functional structure increases the likelihood of a project meeting with success. The Project-Conflict Management Framework developed from the DOD LAMP-H project provides Harrison-Keyes a methodology to resolve the current e-publishing project issues. Risk Management YouTube is a popular website that allows people to post, watch, and share video clips at no charge. While the site was initially created so the designer could share home movies with family members in other states, the website quickly caught on with the public and was soon a household name. In October, â€Å"2006 web juggernaut Google purchased YouTube for 1.65 Billion dollars in stock. Some analysts considered this a risky investment despite the 100 million plus page views YouTube receives daily† (Wood, 2006). In an article written by Daniel Wood of the Christian Science Monitor â€Å"many users cannot get enough of the idea and love the service because it is entertaining, informative, and a community of sharing things; but some concepts are too good to be true† (Wood, 2006). At any given time there are thousands of copyrighted videos illegally being shown on YouTube. â€Å"YouTube completely missed the boat by not immediately identifying the risk with  allowing user s to upload videos and making deals with television and movie studios prior to launching their service† (Wood, 2006). As news of lawsuits and boycotts spread YouTube has taken the stance that they have done everything in their power to remove copy written material from their site and are also quick to remove any videos that receive a complaint from a studio. Some users have received â€Å"cease and desist† letters from attorneys and are facing the threat of a lawsuit if copyrighted material is not taken down immediately (Wood, 2006). Recently Viacom announced a one billion dollar lawsuit against YouTube while accusing the company of â€Å"massive intentional copyright infringement† (Cashmore, 2007). Although consumers seem to enjoy the unlimited access to copyrighted work, other stakeholders are not dealing with the risks as well. â€Å"YouTube board members are becoming increasingly skeptical and worry that impending lawsuits and copyright issues will eventually do them in since they are not making a large profit† (Cashmore, 2007). In their defense the creator of YouTube obviously did not recognize the scope of this type of service in when it was created but Google knew exactly what it was getting into when they purchased the upstart company. Prior to Google purchasing YouTube members of the media predicted that the lack of a business model and persistent problems with copyright would eventually bankrupt the company (Murray, 2006). Analysts were comparing YouTube to Napster and imagined the company would soon suffer the same fate as the former king of peer to peer file sharing. Google undoubtedly recognized the risk involved with their purchase of YouTube but due to their deep pockets they can afford to take that risk while working on a solution that can appease copyright holders. â€Å"What Google ultimately wants to do is work with the companies that have their material posted by others on YouTube and give them a share of the profit from the add revenue† (Taylor, 2006). In order to do this, Google will have to create a suitable formula for  projecting profit amounts and will then have to negotiate with outside companies for agreements to avoid future legal issues. The explosion of YouTube has excited consumers and led some to predict the end of television reign, but has caused issues for almost everyone else involved. There was no legal and/or contractual consideration involved during the design or implementation stage and a strategy was never identified along with the project details. Paypal eBay Incorporated is an online auction site that provides buyers and sellers a place to trade goods and services for a fee. The site has made billions of dollars as the world’s largest online marketplace without the use of warehouse space, inventory or salespeople. â€Å"Pierre Omidyar initially launched Auction Web during the infancy on the Internet in 1995 as a market to sale collectible and rare items. Auction Web incorporated and changed its name to eBay in 1996 as the site was becoming more popular with everyday users† (Marketline, 2006). â€Å"PayPal was launched in 1999 under the name Confinity. The idealistic vision of the company was one of a borderless currency free from governmental controls. However, PayPal’s success quickly drew the attention of hackers, scam artists and organized crime groups, who used the service for frauds and money laundering† (Grabianowski, 2007). The payment system also caught on with the online auction community who found it was a safe and easy way to make and receive payments for goods without having to exchange sensitive information. â€Å"The site grew far too quickly for PayPal to handle and as a result the customers suffered† (Marketline, 2006). PayPal was able to work out some of the issues associated with their system but for the most part were always one step behind the criminals and scammers that were a threat to their system. When dealing with money it is essential that the risk is evaluated prior to taking the first transaction. In July of 2002 eBay announced they were purchasing PayPal for 1.5 billion dollars and phasing out their own fledgling payment section. While some buyers and sellers assumed PayPal is a bank, PayPal is actually an â€Å"account based system that services approximately 96 million total accounts which are available to users in 55 markets. The 96 million total PayPal accounts include approximately 19 million business and 77 million personal accounts† (Marketline, 2006). With the deep pockets of eBay behind the company, analysts assumed the security issues that were prevalent in the early days of PayPal would be quickly shored up. In fact fraud was occurring on the PayPal system in record amounts and the payment system soon caught the eye of government regulators who were forced to step in and investigate. â€Å"Regulators and attorney generals in several states, including New York and California, fined PayPal for violations and investigated the company’s business practices. Some states, such as Louisiana, banned PayPal from operating in their states altogether† (Grabianowski, 2007). PayPal has since received licenses to operate in those places but lost millions of dollars in revenues while playing catch up. Security issues were not the only problem that PayPal faced. In October of 2004, PayPal experienced five days of power outages. The Sudbury Star reported â€Å"continued intermittent service outages despite furious attempts to repair the ailing online payment service† (2004). There was a possibility that due to the system setup and lack of redundancy across the network that many accounts could be lost forever or profoundly affected by the power losses. PayPal had been playing catch up since 1999 and it looked like time was catching up to them (Grabianowski, 2007). The power outage allowed some but not all users to complete online transactions which resulted in a very frustrating situation for PayPal users and caused some long time account holders to close their PayPal account altogether. General Electric Co. – Robert Reimer _Similar Issue Facing GE/Harrison-Keyes Publications, Inc._ Harrison-Keyes is faced with a corporate culture that is different for every  department. Corporate politics has become the norm for any decision that needs to be made. The corporate culture that fosters a self-centered approach to results, coupled with their lack of project structure, has led them to failure to implement a successful plan. General Electric (GE) has faced similar issues in its long and illustrious history and has dealt with them in such a way as to build GE into a recognized global business leader. Specifically, GE has the following issues that they have confronted and that currently face Harrison-Keyes: 1. Aligning organizational culture with project structure to achieve their corporate strategies, 2. Create a corporate culture that does not tolerate corporate politics and in fact breeds a cooperative environment between management, employee, and the customer/authors, and 3. Identifying managers that are talented and that will perform. _GE’s Response to the Issues_ The former CEO of GE, Jack Welch, the recognized business leader of the twentieth century, has stated that â€Å"If you ran a baseball team, who would you want to hang out with? The head of player personnel or the chief accountant?† (ABA Banking Journal, 2006) Mr. Welch’s point is that in business, as in sports, â€Å"the whole game is about talent-whoever fields the best team wins. Nothing you do is more important as building talent. Spend at least half your time developing people† (ABA Banking Journal, 2006). GE has developed managers by encouraging their input and to take chances and by allowing them to take on leadership roles at young ages. GE has relied on performance based initiatives and rewards risk takers. As Mr. Welch has stated, â€Å"give people chances to try new things and run things when they’re 30, not 50. If you’re spending all your time developing good people†¦they can’t wait for you to grow. If you want new things, take care of the people who try things. When they make mistakes, praise them, or they’ll become afraid to make mistakes† (ABA Banking Journal, 2006). GE has also created a corporate culture that dismisses politics as a means to and end and encourages a culture that involves all members of the GE community, its senior management, its employees, and its customers. GE’s success has developed based on defining a corporate culture that is not individualized  by department but practiced as an organization. GE’s success is based on the acronym LATIN. Leadership in that they make sure they have the right leaders for the job and at the right time; Adaptability by developing flexible strategies; Talent by investing in high potential people; Influence by being a company that is proactive instead of reactive, and ; Networks wherein expectations are met by maintaining discipline and consistency (PR Newswire, 2007). This creates a corporate cult ure that advances the overall goals of GE, involves the entire company, and results in not only the creation, but the communication of this culture that results in projects that are structured for success. _Outcomes of GE’s Response_ The result of these corporate strategies and the resulting project structure has been that GE increased production and has empowered its employees by adopting a program called Work-Out (D’O’Brian, Joseph, 1994). This program was created following a â€Å"town meeting† format wherein employees at all levels are asked to gather and solve problems, ultimately coming up with solutions to specific problems. When they are done they pass these along to senior management. This program has changed the relationship between management-employee in several ways, the most significant being that it has â€Å"horizontalized the company to some degree: Individual accountability for specific products and functions is maintained, but it is easier for any employees to take a hand in improving the making or doing of any specific thing† (D’O’Brian, Joseph, 1994). As to identifying managers that are talented and will perform, Jack Welch, former CEO of GE advocates the policy of firing the worst performing staff on a yearly basis. Although controversial, this tactic has not harmed GE’s performance (MacAskill, John, 2007).